Fritz Haber - Chemist And Patriot Essays - Industrial Gases

Fritz Haber - Chemist and Patriot The name Fritz Haber has long been associated with the well-known process of synthesizing ammonia from its elements. While primarily known for developing a process which ultimately relieved the world of dependence on Chilean ammonia, this twentieth century Nobel prize winner was also involved in the varying fortunes of Germany in World War I and in the rise to power of the Nazi regime. Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Prussia. He was the son of a prosperous German chemical merchant and worked for his father after being educated in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Zurich. After a short time, Haber left his father's business and took up research in organic chemistry at the University of Jena. The university's strictly orthodox methods soon led him to leave for a junior teaching position at the Technische Hochschule of Karlsruhe. At the age of 25, Haber immediately threw himself, with tremendous energy, into teaching and research in physical chemistry, a subject in which he was essentially self-taught. Quickly he gained respect and recognition for his research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics. He also authored several books arising from his research. During the first decade of the twentieth century, the world-wide demand for nitrogen based fertilizers exceeded the existing supply. The largest source of the chemicals necessary for fertilizer production was found in a huge guano deposit (essentially sea bird droppings) that was 220 miles in length and five feet thick, located along the coast of Chile. Scientists had long desired to solve the problem of the world's dependence on this fast disappearing natural source of ammonia and nitrogenous compounds. It was Haber, along with Carl Bosch, who finally solved this problem. Haber invented a large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas, reactants which are abundant and inexpensive. By using high temperature (around 500oCelsius), high pressure (approximately 3000 psi), and an iron catalyst, Haber could force relatively unreactive gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to combine into ammonia. This furnished the essential precursor for many important substances, particularly fertilizers and explosives used in mining and warfare. Although ammonia and its exploitation ultimately have the ability both to sustain life and destroy it, Haber did not have either reason specifically in mind when performing his research. His dedication to science and the search for solutions to a chemical problem inspired his work. He said later of his work: "The interest of a wider circle has its source in the recognition that ammonia synthesis on a large scale represents a useful...way to satisfy an economic need. This practical usefulness was not the preconceived goal of my experiments. I was not in doubt that my laboratory work could furnish no more than a scientific statement of the foundations and a knowledge of the experimental equipment, and that much had to be added to this result in order to attain economic success on an industrial scale." In 1911, Haber was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin. This new research facility was to become more famous than the school he had built up at Karlsruhe. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Haber was in charge of forming a center for cross-disciplinary research in chemistry and physics and as such, he immediately placed himself and his laboratory at the service of the German government. He became a behind-the-scenes consultant on industrial mobilization. During the war, Haber, the embodiment of Prussian pride, unquestionably and uncritically accepted the State's wisdom. He served his beloved country in many ways. For example, because Germany was essentially landlocked for the duration of the war, the supply of necessary materials was a serious problem. Haber's institute worked on numerous wartime concerns including the problem of keeping motors running. He showed that xylene and the solvent naptha were good substitutes for toluene as an antifreeze in benzene motor fuel. Since xylene and naptha were available in Germany and toluene was not, Haber's contributions helped to keep German machinery running and aided in sustaining their war effort for four years. Haber also served his country in the most basic sense with his process of ammonia synthesis. Not only was ammonia used as a

Harriet Osmond Wall Draft AO1 Essay

Harriet Osmond Wall Draft AO1 Essay Harriet Osmond Wall Draft AO1 Essay Table of Contents Demographic factors 2 Single parent families and teenage pregnancies: 3 Services available to meet the needs of pregnant teenagers: 4 Breast feeding matters: 5 SureStart: (picture) 6 Health needs of the population: 6 Child obesity: 7 Change4life: 7 The planning and provision stages: 7 The planning stages: CCG 8 Local Strategic Partnership (LSP) 9 The planning stages: 9 Demographic factors Demographic factors are characteristics assigned to age, sex, education, income, marital status, job, religion, birth rate, death rate, family size, and marriage age. Demographics are used by governments, corporations and non-government organizations to learn more about a populations characteristics. Demography studies and measures populations to see if there are any direct impacts on the planning and delivery of health, social care and early years social care services to meet the needs of service users at a local level. The demographic factors can be; Health needs of the population: the health needs of the population is an important aspect for the local government to know as they need to be able to accommodate for everyone’s needs efficiently. Finding out the health needs of the population helps the government to decide on which areas of health they need to be more focused on. For example, if there is a higher number of obesity in Portsmouth, they will focus on advertising health initiatives (Change4life) to lower the number of obese people. Age of population: knowledge of the age in a population can help health services decide how much health care they need to provide in the area. For example, if there are more elderly people above 70 years of age living in that area then they would need more health care providers and equipment as they are more prone to health issues. Disability: can influence the planning in a population as the area needs to be equipped with the right equipment to attend to all their needs. If there are more disabled people in the area, the government/NHS will have to spend more money on equipping the area with health equipment. Unemployment: the socio-economic status of an area indicates how much health services there needs to be in the area. For example, low income families may have a poor diet due to buying ready meals often so they could get more health issues than people of a higher income. The income of a family has an impact of the diet, housing, exercise, stress levels; these can all increase health needs. Number of single-parent families: 26% of households with children are living in single-parent families and there are 2 million single-parent families in Britain today. There is an increase in demand for childcare services so there will need to be more pre-schools and nurseries in the area to accommodate all the children. The number of older people: the average age of life expectancy has risen to 85 years for men and 89 years for women. Over the last 50 years, the average life span has increased by 10 years for a male and 8 years for a female. The UK has more people over the age of 60 than they do under 16 so there needs to be enough health services to accommodate their needs. Older people have a lot more health implications than younger people, so if a town has a lot of elderly people in there will need to be more health services set up. In 1901, there was less than 2 million people over the age of 65. There are now over 9 million over 65's in Britain today1. Single parent families and teenage pregnancies: A single parent is a parent who is not living with a spouse or partner and is raising the children by themselves. The number of single parents are increasing; In the UK there are 26% of children living with a single parent and there are 2 million single parents in Britain today, less than 2 percent of single parents are teenagers. The median age of a single parent is 38 years old and 49% of single parents are separated from a marriage or widowed2. It can be extremely hard

Commercial law case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial law - Case Study Example If the defendant fails to come up to the customary, this will be a violation of the duty of care as judged by reference to the following factors: What did the defendant know? This is to say that, the defendant will only be legally responsible if the reasonable person would have foreseen the loss or damage in the circumstances prevailing at the time of the alleged breach of duty. Secondly, the degree of jeopardy of the situation. The bigger the risk that severe harm can be brought by, the greater the safety measures that the defendant will be required to take (Jance, 1999). This is to say the when the risk involve is of little magnitude, the plaintiff is required to take his or her own precautions and any claim of breaching of duty that will be presented by the plaintiff will be overlooked. However, when the risk is of greater magnitude, the defendant will be liable. Thirdly, is the communal significance of the defendants doings. If the defendants actions give out a socially useful function then they may have been justified in taking greater risks. Lastly, a defendant complying with a general practice in his area of activity w ill usually be well thought-out to have met the standard of a reasonable man, except the court judges the practice itself to be negligent (Bradgate & Savage, 1991). In order for John to establish a breach of duty by the Willow Council, carried out himself as a responsible and reasonable person. However, John, who had drunk too much champagne, was conducting his activities in an open space where everyone could see him. He got out of a car and dared his to friends, Mason and Janice, to climb over a two meter fence, that prevented people from going beyond it, and walk to the edge of the cliff. His friends refuse but John climbs over the fence and walk to the edge of the cliff. He loses balance, fall off and breaks his leg. A court analyzing these particulars will apply the

Contrast and Comparison between Buddism and Islam Religions Thesis Proposal

Contrast and Comparison between Buddism and Islam Religions - Thesis Proposal Example On the other hand, Islam believes that a person has only one birth and he will get heaven or hell based on his activities in that birth. However, both religions have lot of similarities also. It should be noted that both Islam and Buddhism uphold the sanctity of good things and reject all kinds of sins. Both religions do believe that a human being will get salvation after his death if he does enough good things in his life. The fundamental beliefs and distinctions between Buddhism and Islam deal with a new way of life promoting freedom from confusion and disillusionment. While both religions require practice and faith in self, they worship in different methods but ultimately believe in similar facts. Islam believes in a superpower or God whereas Buddhists do not say much about the existence of God. Islam argues that everything in this universe, including human, is the creation of God. In their opinion, Allah the Almighty knows everything happening in this world. On the other hand, Buddhists talk about Karma or salvation. Buddhists argue that â€Å"If there were a creator of the world, he would be regarded as responsible for the suffering† (Harvey, p.36). In other words, Buddhists put the blame of human suffering upon the shoulder of the God. They argue that life itself is nothing but suffering and whatever the things we derive from this material world may bring sufferings ultimately. The activities in the previous birth may haunt a person in the present birth also and, hence, he may not be able to enjoy happiness until the salvation stage. They argue that human life will continue even after death but in different forms. In their opinion, the good or evil things done in th e humanly life decides whether the person get what kind of life after death. Buddhists argue that birth and rebirth continue until a person attains salvation. On the other hand, Islam opposes this view. In its teaching, happiness can be obtained

Senator Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Senator Profile - Essay Example Corker is a Presbyterian and in his late twenties, he participated in a mission trip to Haiti. This trip inspired him to become proactive in the welfare of his home community. He remarkably pioneered the founding of Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise, a nonprofit organization aimed at providing low interest home loans as well home maintenance knowledge to thousands of Tennesseans since 1986. This enterprise since its inception in 1986 has aided many families to enjoy decent, fit, and affordable housing. Prior to his graduation from the university, Corker worked as a construction laborer. This points out to his love for hard work and determination to succeed in life. Upon his graduation, he worked as a construction superintendent where he managed to save adequate money. He later commenced his own construction company in 1979 with $ 8,000 he had saved from his former job. Admirably, this company grew tremendously gaining reputation owed to meeting deadlines not only on time but also b elow the budget. This attracted numerous clients prompting him to expand operations in eighteen states. In 1999, he had gathered enough funds to purchase two of the largest and oldest commercial real estate companies in Chattanooga. When appointed Tennessee Commissioner of Finance and Administration by Governor Don Sundquist in1994, bob exhibited exemplary leadership. In his two years in this docket, he tightened the state’s budget and helped eradicate poverty by creating jobs for almost forty thousand Tennesseans. In 2001, Corker rises to become the mayor of Chattanooga where he serves for one term. During his tenure as the mayor, he is famous of fascinating $ 2.1 billion new investments to Chattanooga. He also transformed the waterfront as well as implemented the merit bonus pay for teachers. This program improved student achievement especially in most poor performing schools. He also markedly contributed to crime reduction by working closely with local law enforcement offi cials. Focusing on his political life, Bob’s interest in politics dates back in 1994 when he declared his interest in contending for the senatorial seat on a Republican ticket. Unfortunately, he lost to his major opponent Bill Frist during the Republican primaries. However, even after losing to Bill, he continually supported Bill to the general election. This is adorable as it portrays his partisanship and loyalty to the Republican Party. Remarkably, the critics of Bill’s campaign manager who tagged him â€Å"pond scum† did not move him. Soon after the 1994 elections, Don Sunquist appointed him the Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee where he served between 1995 and 1996. During his time in this office, Bob is attributable with numerous achievements like the $2.1 billion investment, cutting down crime by almost half, improving the quality of education amongst others. Bob served as the Mayor for Chattanooga following his victory in the 2001 elections. As a Mayor, he is significant for his value addition to education in Chattanooga. This he achieved by implementing a â€Å"merit based bonus system.† This program entailed giving bonuses to principals and teacher whose students exhibited improved performances. This encouraged competition amongst schools and ultimately improved performance of the students around Chattanooga. It is also during this time that Corker established a program aimed at facilitating monthly meetings with public

A Look At Materialism English Language Essay

A Look At Materialism English Language Essay 1) Are young people in your country more materialistic than they were in the past? If so, do you think is a good or bad thing? If not, what are they more interested in? 2) Think of a town or place in your country that you know quite well and complete the description of that place with the usage of both neutral and colorful words to make your story interesting. Introduction Materialism is the importance placed on material possessions. Someone with a high level of materialism, described as materialistic, considers material possessions to be central to their life and their identity, and focuses a good deal of their energy on acquiring possessions. Someone with a low level of materialism, described as non-materialistic, or not materialistic, does not consider acquiring possessions to be particularly important, although they vary in the extent to which they acquire material possessions in order to meet other objectives, such as social acceptance. ANSWER QUESTION 1 Nowadays have half people like past people are not materialistic, but still have half people not like in the past and they are so materialistic. In todays society, materialism takes part in every persons life, no matter what social class they are. The idea of being materialistic can be considered immoral, but there is a fine line between morality and personal interests, so now is to see the people In the past, people are not in competition with one another, because in the past people is more stable life, they feel that there is sufficient enough to eat and enough to stay are already satisfy, moreover And they will not buy a lot of items not worth things. But nowadays people but now there is growing materialistic, Like to buy items not worth a lot, become very materialistic. I think now society people become so materialistic is a bad thing. Because material impact on society is a complex issue. Materialism can be defined as a desire to pursue wealth and other real things that can prov ision, ignoring the importance of spiritual values, the dominance of material comfort. This substance is characterized by the people for money, greed, the tendency to become rich quickly, even if it involves a lot of risk. It also includes a desire to live in mansions, wearing very expensive clothes, jewelry and driving flashy cars. In short, I expect to live in luxury. Effects of Materialism on Society is materialism and greed lead to personal satisfaction with social life echoed many of the most important aspect. Mood, made because of materialism, greed, the economic problems caused by the real world. The real problem may not be so simple, but it may be one of the reasons here. Greed is not confined to money, and the acquisition of power. Where there is power, corruption is imminent. One other negative emotions, desires, selfishness, jealousy, a lot of loss of sensation of materialism, to make people forget their moral values, often do not understand the difference between the only difference between the crime is an important choice. Good quality and comfort is wrong. They believe that everything around is the environment, their beliefs are to provide the human need is based on the conclusions of science they have lost faith in God, because they refused to believe anything, we can not see or hear or touch is the worst. Therefore, they come to the crimes committed after their senses. Therefore, the materialism, the negative impact of user groups. Suggestions for Restructuring our Society is we still make our world towards a better run. Therefore, we need to find purpose in our lives. Everyone needs to make some changes to his views. We want from the material world itself. This will allow the two sides, with or without the material things we have, we want happiness. This will enable us to think, If I put a good thing, but if I did not understand I said, it does not matter. This is not so easy, we want to set a friendly spirit, but not impossible task. Gave us the economic rough stage some valuable lessons. As a result, the whole world, we can go buy a couple of days, but we are still in our power to survive difficult circumstances, the real thing. We are very pleased that we can not lose ourselves, support our families. Than the material things of life more important than others do. We must give top priority to work hard, not every fast road to success. There is truth, honesty and hard work meaning, can give us a very satisfyi ng relationship. We need to improve our reality, rather than the substance of knowledge. In our non-material aspects of life is the main reason is lack of understanding, not only individuals, but as a social collective. Spirituality can help us understand our true identity. If we lose the wealth of alternative, but if we lose ourselves, we can not be replaced. You can also refer to the creation of the theory for more information. A practical solution to these problems, whether economic or otherwise, can be obtained by introspection. We can find out what caused the problems we face, but we are today. Fixed out of the material world of their own, recognizing that true self in your sleep. This is to prevent the real growth in the community mental block. Finally they more interested is money to materialistic. Because young people feel that money can buy to meet their own, such as cars, clothes, trousers, watches, shoes, mobile phones, video games. Some younger love to buy brand-name, not the brand name with no interest, they feel that is good with good to enjoy with a brand name, giving a new generation of young people to be adversely affected. ANSWER QUESTION 2 Cameron Highland was named after and discovered in 1885 by an English man named William Cameron during a survey operation in the Titiwangsa Mountain Range. Forging a path through the dense vegetation, he finally reached a magnificent and sublime plateau shut up in the mountains. From then on, the British colonists recognized its potential for growing tea, a precious commodity then. Over time, townships began to sprout around Cameron Highlands as the tea plantations grew. After Malaysias independence, its popularity as a highland holiday retreat steadily rose (Though the idea was already implanted in 1925 by British Official Sir George Maxwell). Today, it is a popular tourist destination to visit on holiday, due to it cooling atmosphere, serene environment and picturesque scenery. The Cameron Highlands is part of Pahang state, though most entry points, via Tapah and Simpang Pulai, lie in Perak state. From Ringlet to Brinchang, the Cameron Highlands is mostly cooling throughout the yea r, enabling visitors to enjoy a holiday here anytime. In terms of culture, the Chinese make up the largest community in Cameron Highlands, running most of the businesses and plantations in the valley. Indians and Malays from the next two largest communities with similiar economic activities. There are also a large number of labourers from Bangladesh and Myanmmar, who come to work the fields of tea and vegetables. Finally, you can also find tourists from places like Europe and Asia that have decided to settle down in the Cameron Highlands and call it their home. Cameron Highlands is the only holiday destination in Malaysia where strawberries are grown and harvested commercially. The strawberry farms found here are also open for visitors, making them one of the top tourist attractions in Cameron Highlands. The farms are great places for shopping products made from strawberries, such as jams and tarts. The best season to enjoy strawberries is usually from April till June, the driest months. The Cameron Highland tea plantations are its hallmark of fame and one of the reasons why this place is so popular as a holiday destination among locals even. Tea plantations carpet the surrounding valleys in a fine layer of yellow green tea leaves, and most of them are open to tourists and visitors who can purchase their own tea bags, watch workers pluck tea as well as enjoy a simmering hot cup of tea with scones. Tea was the reason William Cameron saw potential and founded this valley, which eventually became Malaysias top highland holiday destination. The Night Market in Brinchang is an important fixture in the time table of Cameron Highlands. Also called Pasar Malam, which means night bazaar, the Brinchang Night Markets takes place of Friday and Saturday nights, during peak tourist seasons and national holidays or festivals, the night market will open throughout the week in response to the good business and flood of visitors from Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and all over. The Bee Farms in Cameron Highlands allow visitors and tourists to see how honey is cultivated here from bees on a moderate scale. The delicious nectar is harvested from the combs made by bees that are housed in an elevated wooden box. One such honey bee farm is located near Ringlet, in a secluded corner reached from a narrow alley branching off the main road. If you want to shoot landscapes at Cameron Highland, I can introduction some beautiful place to shoot. Boh Tea is the largest tea producer in the Cameron Highlands. Like Bharat, it also has two estates, but most people will only visit the Sungai Palas estate in Brinchang. The other tea field lies near Ringlet in a place called Habu. The Boh Tea estate in Sungai Palas is an awesome place to visit, with fields of tea growing around hills that seem to stretch for miles. As this is the highest tea estate in the Cameron Highlands, mist creeping over the landscape is a common feature. The road will end at a T-junction; right leads to Boh Tea Center while left goes all the way up to Gunung Brinchang. Boh also has the only factory open for visitors to look and marvel at the processes and methods used in the production of tea. In the Lake House is a stunning colonial architecture of the slender ring of the boutique hotel. This is the second most expensive place to stay the night in the Camero n Highlands. Price range is matched only in the Cameron Highlands Resort Tanah Rata and Brinchang than between. Asian tourists, however, this colonial mansion living digging, because it evokes a feeling of living in Europe. In the small ring, located in the Lake House Hotel for the dam but there are some dark, dense forest looking for it in the background. In addition, there are many tourist attractions in Cameron Highlands. Finally, In the Cameron Highlands is a beautiful, cool weather and climate is a good place. As Cameron and more tourist attractions, so there are big festivals and holidays, many people will choose to Cameron over a holiday, especially to a hot summer day, people will choose to Cameron summer. Conclusion Recommendation Cameron Highlands is the smallest district in the state of Pahang which is located in the north-western corner of the state. One of the wonders of Malaysia, it is the largest and most famous hill resort in the country. This highland paradise still retains much of the charm of an English village. Being a primarily agricultural domain, you will find an abundance of vegetables and fruits farms here. Cameron Highlands is also the leading producer of flowers and tea in Malaysia. Be prepared for a lovely sight of extraordinary flowers you wont see flourishing elsewhere in Malaysia! At Cameron Highland can feel very enjoy and relax. Bibliograph Cameron Highland, online, retrieved 12 March 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Highlands Cameron Highland Strawberry Farm, online, retrieved 12 March 2011 from http://www.strawberryparkresorts.com/about-the-resort.html Cameron Highland Lakehouse, online, retrieved 12 March 2011 from http://www.lakehouse-cameron.com/index.php

industrial revlution study :: essays research papers

SEC 1 Industrial revolution- widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones Agricultural revolution- second Agricultural revolution it greatly improved the quality and quantity of farm products Crop rotation - the successive cultivation of different crops in a specified order on the same fields, in contrast to a one-crop system or to haphazard crop successions. Charles Townshend British Chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British-American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the U.S. War of Independence. Also urged the use if turnips to restore exhausted soil Jethro Tull – invented the seed drill Robert Bakewell – breed stronger horses King George – wrote articles about his model farm near Windsor castle Enclosure movement – the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers Population Explosion – the agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of Population the Population of Europe jump form 120 million to 190 million Energy revolution- the invented mind of the 1700’s found ways to use water power more efficiently Thomas Newcomen – invented a steam engine that ran on coal. It was use to pump water out of mines James Watt – James improved on Newcomen steam engine Matthew Boulton – James Watts partner who saw the potential of the steam engine SEC 2 The Crystal Palace – The immense structure that house the great exhibition a display of the â€Å"works of industry â€Å" Factory System – Capital – wealth to invest in enterprises such as mines, railroads, and factories Samuel Crompton – inventor of the spinning mule George Stephenson – inventor of the steam powered locomotive Michael Faraday – inventor of the dynamo Cotton Gin – invented by Eli Whitney helped separate seeds out of cotton