Fritz Haber - Chemist And Patriot Essays - Industrial Gases

Fritz Haber - Chemist and Patriot The name Fritz Haber has long been associated with the well-known process of synthesizing ammonia from its elements. While primarily known for developing a process which ultimately relieved the world of dependence on Chilean ammonia, this twentieth century Nobel prize winner was also involved in the varying fortunes of Germany in World War I and in the rise to power of the Nazi regime. Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Prussia. He was the son of a prosperous German chemical merchant and worked for his father after being educated in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Zurich. After a short time, Haber left his father's business and took up research in organic chemistry at the University of Jena. The university's strictly orthodox methods soon led him to leave for a junior teaching position at the Technische Hochschule of Karlsruhe. At the age of 25, Haber immediately threw himself, with tremendous energy, into teaching and research in physical chemistry, a subject in which he was essentially self-taught. Quickly he gained respect and recognition for his research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics. He also authored several books arising from his research. During the first decade of the twentieth century, the world-wide demand for nitrogen based fertilizers exceeded the existing supply. The largest source of the chemicals necessary for fertilizer production was found in a huge guano deposit (essentially sea bird droppings) that was 220 miles in length and five feet thick, located along the coast of Chile. Scientists had long desired to solve the problem of the world's dependence on this fast disappearing natural source of ammonia and nitrogenous compounds. It was Haber, along with Carl Bosch, who finally solved this problem. Haber invented a large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas, reactants which are abundant and inexpensive. By using high temperature (around 500oCelsius), high pressure (approximately 3000 psi), and an iron catalyst, Haber could force relatively unreactive gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to combine into ammonia. This furnished the essential precursor for many important substances, particularly fertilizers and explosives used in mining and warfare. Although ammonia and its exploitation ultimately have the ability both to sustain life and destroy it, Haber did not have either reason specifically in mind when performing his research. His dedication to science and the search for solutions to a chemical problem inspired his work. He said later of his work: "The interest of a wider circle has its source in the recognition that ammonia synthesis on a large scale represents a useful...way to satisfy an economic need. This practical usefulness was not the preconceived goal of my experiments. I was not in doubt that my laboratory work could furnish no more than a scientific statement of the foundations and a knowledge of the experimental equipment, and that much had to be added to this result in order to attain economic success on an industrial scale." In 1911, Haber was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin. This new research facility was to become more famous than the school he had built up at Karlsruhe. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Haber was in charge of forming a center for cross-disciplinary research in chemistry and physics and as such, he immediately placed himself and his laboratory at the service of the German government. He became a behind-the-scenes consultant on industrial mobilization. During the war, Haber, the embodiment of Prussian pride, unquestionably and uncritically accepted the State's wisdom. He served his beloved country in many ways. For example, because Germany was essentially landlocked for the duration of the war, the supply of necessary materials was a serious problem. Haber's institute worked on numerous wartime concerns including the problem of keeping motors running. He showed that xylene and the solvent naptha were good substitutes for toluene as an antifreeze in benzene motor fuel. Since xylene and naptha were available in Germany and toluene was not, Haber's contributions helped to keep German machinery running and aided in sustaining their war effort for four years. Haber also served his country in the most basic sense with his process of ammonia synthesis. Not only was ammonia used as a

Harriet Osmond Wall Draft AO1 Essay

Harriet Osmond Wall Draft AO1 Essay Harriet Osmond Wall Draft AO1 Essay Table of Contents Demographic factors 2 Single parent families and teenage pregnancies: 3 Services available to meet the needs of pregnant teenagers: 4 Breast feeding matters: 5 SureStart: (picture) 6 Health needs of the population: 6 Child obesity: 7 Change4life: 7 The planning and provision stages: 7 The planning stages: CCG 8 Local Strategic Partnership (LSP) 9 The planning stages: 9 Demographic factors Demographic factors are characteristics assigned to age, sex, education, income, marital status, job, religion, birth rate, death rate, family size, and marriage age. Demographics are used by governments, corporations and non-government organizations to learn more about a populations characteristics. Demography studies and measures populations to see if there are any direct impacts on the planning and delivery of health, social care and early years social care services to meet the needs of service users at a local level. The demographic factors can be; Health needs of the population: the health needs of the population is an important aspect for the local government to know as they need to be able to accommodate for everyone’s needs efficiently. Finding out the health needs of the population helps the government to decide on which areas of health they need to be more focused on. For example, if there is a higher number of obesity in Portsmouth, they will focus on advertising health initiatives (Change4life) to lower the number of obese people. Age of population: knowledge of the age in a population can help health services decide how much health care they need to provide in the area. For example, if there are more elderly people above 70 years of age living in that area then they would need more health care providers and equipment as they are more prone to health issues. Disability: can influence the planning in a population as the area needs to be equipped with the right equipment to attend to all their needs. If there are more disabled people in the area, the government/NHS will have to spend more money on equipping the area with health equipment. Unemployment: the socio-economic status of an area indicates how much health services there needs to be in the area. For example, low income families may have a poor diet due to buying ready meals often so they could get more health issues than people of a higher income. The income of a family has an impact of the diet, housing, exercise, stress levels; these can all increase health needs. Number of single-parent families: 26% of households with children are living in single-parent families and there are 2 million single-parent families in Britain today. There is an increase in demand for childcare services so there will need to be more pre-schools and nurseries in the area to accommodate all the children. The number of older people: the average age of life expectancy has risen to 85 years for men and 89 years for women. Over the last 50 years, the average life span has increased by 10 years for a male and 8 years for a female. The UK has more people over the age of 60 than they do under 16 so there needs to be enough health services to accommodate their needs. Older people have a lot more health implications than younger people, so if a town has a lot of elderly people in there will need to be more health services set up. In 1901, there was less than 2 million people over the age of 65. There are now over 9 million over 65's in Britain today1. Single parent families and teenage pregnancies: A single parent is a parent who is not living with a spouse or partner and is raising the children by themselves. The number of single parents are increasing; In the UK there are 26% of children living with a single parent and there are 2 million single parents in Britain today, less than 2 percent of single parents are teenagers. The median age of a single parent is 38 years old and 49% of single parents are separated from a marriage or widowed2. It can be extremely hard

Commercial law case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial law - Case Study Example If the defendant fails to come up to the customary, this will be a violation of the duty of care as judged by reference to the following factors: What did the defendant know? This is to say that, the defendant will only be legally responsible if the reasonable person would have foreseen the loss or damage in the circumstances prevailing at the time of the alleged breach of duty. Secondly, the degree of jeopardy of the situation. The bigger the risk that severe harm can be brought by, the greater the safety measures that the defendant will be required to take (Jance, 1999). This is to say the when the risk involve is of little magnitude, the plaintiff is required to take his or her own precautions and any claim of breaching of duty that will be presented by the plaintiff will be overlooked. However, when the risk is of greater magnitude, the defendant will be liable. Thirdly, is the communal significance of the defendants doings. If the defendants actions give out a socially useful function then they may have been justified in taking greater risks. Lastly, a defendant complying with a general practice in his area of activity w ill usually be well thought-out to have met the standard of a reasonable man, except the court judges the practice itself to be negligent (Bradgate & Savage, 1991). In order for John to establish a breach of duty by the Willow Council, carried out himself as a responsible and reasonable person. However, John, who had drunk too much champagne, was conducting his activities in an open space where everyone could see him. He got out of a car and dared his to friends, Mason and Janice, to climb over a two meter fence, that prevented people from going beyond it, and walk to the edge of the cliff. His friends refuse but John climbs over the fence and walk to the edge of the cliff. He loses balance, fall off and breaks his leg. A court analyzing these particulars will apply the

Contrast and Comparison between Buddism and Islam Religions Thesis Proposal

Contrast and Comparison between Buddism and Islam Religions - Thesis Proposal Example On the other hand, Islam believes that a person has only one birth and he will get heaven or hell based on his activities in that birth. However, both religions have lot of similarities also. It should be noted that both Islam and Buddhism uphold the sanctity of good things and reject all kinds of sins. Both religions do believe that a human being will get salvation after his death if he does enough good things in his life. The fundamental beliefs and distinctions between Buddhism and Islam deal with a new way of life promoting freedom from confusion and disillusionment. While both religions require practice and faith in self, they worship in different methods but ultimately believe in similar facts. Islam believes in a superpower or God whereas Buddhists do not say much about the existence of God. Islam argues that everything in this universe, including human, is the creation of God. In their opinion, Allah the Almighty knows everything happening in this world. On the other hand, Buddhists talk about Karma or salvation. Buddhists argue that â€Å"If there were a creator of the world, he would be regarded as responsible for the suffering† (Harvey, p.36). In other words, Buddhists put the blame of human suffering upon the shoulder of the God. They argue that life itself is nothing but suffering and whatever the things we derive from this material world may bring sufferings ultimately. The activities in the previous birth may haunt a person in the present birth also and, hence, he may not be able to enjoy happiness until the salvation stage. They argue that human life will continue even after death but in different forms. In their opinion, the good or evil things done in th e humanly life decides whether the person get what kind of life after death. Buddhists argue that birth and rebirth continue until a person attains salvation. On the other hand, Islam opposes this view. In its teaching, happiness can be obtained

Senator Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Senator Profile - Essay Example Corker is a Presbyterian and in his late twenties, he participated in a mission trip to Haiti. This trip inspired him to become proactive in the welfare of his home community. He remarkably pioneered the founding of Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise, a nonprofit organization aimed at providing low interest home loans as well home maintenance knowledge to thousands of Tennesseans since 1986. This enterprise since its inception in 1986 has aided many families to enjoy decent, fit, and affordable housing. Prior to his graduation from the university, Corker worked as a construction laborer. This points out to his love for hard work and determination to succeed in life. Upon his graduation, he worked as a construction superintendent where he managed to save adequate money. He later commenced his own construction company in 1979 with $ 8,000 he had saved from his former job. Admirably, this company grew tremendously gaining reputation owed to meeting deadlines not only on time but also b elow the budget. This attracted numerous clients prompting him to expand operations in eighteen states. In 1999, he had gathered enough funds to purchase two of the largest and oldest commercial real estate companies in Chattanooga. When appointed Tennessee Commissioner of Finance and Administration by Governor Don Sundquist in1994, bob exhibited exemplary leadership. In his two years in this docket, he tightened the state’s budget and helped eradicate poverty by creating jobs for almost forty thousand Tennesseans. In 2001, Corker rises to become the mayor of Chattanooga where he serves for one term. During his tenure as the mayor, he is famous of fascinating $ 2.1 billion new investments to Chattanooga. He also transformed the waterfront as well as implemented the merit bonus pay for teachers. This program improved student achievement especially in most poor performing schools. He also markedly contributed to crime reduction by working closely with local law enforcement offi cials. Focusing on his political life, Bob’s interest in politics dates back in 1994 when he declared his interest in contending for the senatorial seat on a Republican ticket. Unfortunately, he lost to his major opponent Bill Frist during the Republican primaries. However, even after losing to Bill, he continually supported Bill to the general election. This is adorable as it portrays his partisanship and loyalty to the Republican Party. Remarkably, the critics of Bill’s campaign manager who tagged him â€Å"pond scum† did not move him. Soon after the 1994 elections, Don Sunquist appointed him the Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee where he served between 1995 and 1996. During his time in this office, Bob is attributable with numerous achievements like the $2.1 billion investment, cutting down crime by almost half, improving the quality of education amongst others. Bob served as the Mayor for Chattanooga following his victory in the 2001 elections. As a Mayor, he is significant for his value addition to education in Chattanooga. This he achieved by implementing a â€Å"merit based bonus system.† This program entailed giving bonuses to principals and teacher whose students exhibited improved performances. This encouraged competition amongst schools and ultimately improved performance of the students around Chattanooga. It is also during this time that Corker established a program aimed at facilitating monthly meetings with public

A Look At Materialism English Language Essay

A Look At Materialism English Language Essay 1) Are young people in your country more materialistic than they were in the past? If so, do you think is a good or bad thing? If not, what are they more interested in? 2) Think of a town or place in your country that you know quite well and complete the description of that place with the usage of both neutral and colorful words to make your story interesting. Introduction Materialism is the importance placed on material possessions. Someone with a high level of materialism, described as materialistic, considers material possessions to be central to their life and their identity, and focuses a good deal of their energy on acquiring possessions. Someone with a low level of materialism, described as non-materialistic, or not materialistic, does not consider acquiring possessions to be particularly important, although they vary in the extent to which they acquire material possessions in order to meet other objectives, such as social acceptance. ANSWER QUESTION 1 Nowadays have half people like past people are not materialistic, but still have half people not like in the past and they are so materialistic. In todays society, materialism takes part in every persons life, no matter what social class they are. The idea of being materialistic can be considered immoral, but there is a fine line between morality and personal interests, so now is to see the people In the past, people are not in competition with one another, because in the past people is more stable life, they feel that there is sufficient enough to eat and enough to stay are already satisfy, moreover And they will not buy a lot of items not worth things. But nowadays people but now there is growing materialistic, Like to buy items not worth a lot, become very materialistic. I think now society people become so materialistic is a bad thing. Because material impact on society is a complex issue. Materialism can be defined as a desire to pursue wealth and other real things that can prov ision, ignoring the importance of spiritual values, the dominance of material comfort. This substance is characterized by the people for money, greed, the tendency to become rich quickly, even if it involves a lot of risk. It also includes a desire to live in mansions, wearing very expensive clothes, jewelry and driving flashy cars. In short, I expect to live in luxury. Effects of Materialism on Society is materialism and greed lead to personal satisfaction with social life echoed many of the most important aspect. Mood, made because of materialism, greed, the economic problems caused by the real world. The real problem may not be so simple, but it may be one of the reasons here. Greed is not confined to money, and the acquisition of power. Where there is power, corruption is imminent. One other negative emotions, desires, selfishness, jealousy, a lot of loss of sensation of materialism, to make people forget their moral values, often do not understand the difference between the only difference between the crime is an important choice. Good quality and comfort is wrong. They believe that everything around is the environment, their beliefs are to provide the human need is based on the conclusions of science they have lost faith in God, because they refused to believe anything, we can not see or hear or touch is the worst. Therefore, they come to the crimes committed after their senses. Therefore, the materialism, the negative impact of user groups. Suggestions for Restructuring our Society is we still make our world towards a better run. Therefore, we need to find purpose in our lives. Everyone needs to make some changes to his views. We want from the material world itself. This will allow the two sides, with or without the material things we have, we want happiness. This will enable us to think, If I put a good thing, but if I did not understand I said, it does not matter. This is not so easy, we want to set a friendly spirit, but not impossible task. Gave us the economic rough stage some valuable lessons. As a result, the whole world, we can go buy a couple of days, but we are still in our power to survive difficult circumstances, the real thing. We are very pleased that we can not lose ourselves, support our families. Than the material things of life more important than others do. We must give top priority to work hard, not every fast road to success. There is truth, honesty and hard work meaning, can give us a very satisfyi ng relationship. We need to improve our reality, rather than the substance of knowledge. In our non-material aspects of life is the main reason is lack of understanding, not only individuals, but as a social collective. Spirituality can help us understand our true identity. If we lose the wealth of alternative, but if we lose ourselves, we can not be replaced. You can also refer to the creation of the theory for more information. A practical solution to these problems, whether economic or otherwise, can be obtained by introspection. We can find out what caused the problems we face, but we are today. Fixed out of the material world of their own, recognizing that true self in your sleep. This is to prevent the real growth in the community mental block. Finally they more interested is money to materialistic. Because young people feel that money can buy to meet their own, such as cars, clothes, trousers, watches, shoes, mobile phones, video games. Some younger love to buy brand-name, not the brand name with no interest, they feel that is good with good to enjoy with a brand name, giving a new generation of young people to be adversely affected. ANSWER QUESTION 2 Cameron Highland was named after and discovered in 1885 by an English man named William Cameron during a survey operation in the Titiwangsa Mountain Range. Forging a path through the dense vegetation, he finally reached a magnificent and sublime plateau shut up in the mountains. From then on, the British colonists recognized its potential for growing tea, a precious commodity then. Over time, townships began to sprout around Cameron Highlands as the tea plantations grew. After Malaysias independence, its popularity as a highland holiday retreat steadily rose (Though the idea was already implanted in 1925 by British Official Sir George Maxwell). Today, it is a popular tourist destination to visit on holiday, due to it cooling atmosphere, serene environment and picturesque scenery. The Cameron Highlands is part of Pahang state, though most entry points, via Tapah and Simpang Pulai, lie in Perak state. From Ringlet to Brinchang, the Cameron Highlands is mostly cooling throughout the yea r, enabling visitors to enjoy a holiday here anytime. In terms of culture, the Chinese make up the largest community in Cameron Highlands, running most of the businesses and plantations in the valley. Indians and Malays from the next two largest communities with similiar economic activities. There are also a large number of labourers from Bangladesh and Myanmmar, who come to work the fields of tea and vegetables. Finally, you can also find tourists from places like Europe and Asia that have decided to settle down in the Cameron Highlands and call it their home. Cameron Highlands is the only holiday destination in Malaysia where strawberries are grown and harvested commercially. The strawberry farms found here are also open for visitors, making them one of the top tourist attractions in Cameron Highlands. The farms are great places for shopping products made from strawberries, such as jams and tarts. The best season to enjoy strawberries is usually from April till June, the driest months. The Cameron Highland tea plantations are its hallmark of fame and one of the reasons why this place is so popular as a holiday destination among locals even. Tea plantations carpet the surrounding valleys in a fine layer of yellow green tea leaves, and most of them are open to tourists and visitors who can purchase their own tea bags, watch workers pluck tea as well as enjoy a simmering hot cup of tea with scones. Tea was the reason William Cameron saw potential and founded this valley, which eventually became Malaysias top highland holiday destination. The Night Market in Brinchang is an important fixture in the time table of Cameron Highlands. Also called Pasar Malam, which means night bazaar, the Brinchang Night Markets takes place of Friday and Saturday nights, during peak tourist seasons and national holidays or festivals, the night market will open throughout the week in response to the good business and flood of visitors from Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and all over. The Bee Farms in Cameron Highlands allow visitors and tourists to see how honey is cultivated here from bees on a moderate scale. The delicious nectar is harvested from the combs made by bees that are housed in an elevated wooden box. One such honey bee farm is located near Ringlet, in a secluded corner reached from a narrow alley branching off the main road. If you want to shoot landscapes at Cameron Highland, I can introduction some beautiful place to shoot. Boh Tea is the largest tea producer in the Cameron Highlands. Like Bharat, it also has two estates, but most people will only visit the Sungai Palas estate in Brinchang. The other tea field lies near Ringlet in a place called Habu. The Boh Tea estate in Sungai Palas is an awesome place to visit, with fields of tea growing around hills that seem to stretch for miles. As this is the highest tea estate in the Cameron Highlands, mist creeping over the landscape is a common feature. The road will end at a T-junction; right leads to Boh Tea Center while left goes all the way up to Gunung Brinchang. Boh also has the only factory open for visitors to look and marvel at the processes and methods used in the production of tea. In the Lake House is a stunning colonial architecture of the slender ring of the boutique hotel. This is the second most expensive place to stay the night in the Camero n Highlands. Price range is matched only in the Cameron Highlands Resort Tanah Rata and Brinchang than between. Asian tourists, however, this colonial mansion living digging, because it evokes a feeling of living in Europe. In the small ring, located in the Lake House Hotel for the dam but there are some dark, dense forest looking for it in the background. In addition, there are many tourist attractions in Cameron Highlands. Finally, In the Cameron Highlands is a beautiful, cool weather and climate is a good place. As Cameron and more tourist attractions, so there are big festivals and holidays, many people will choose to Cameron over a holiday, especially to a hot summer day, people will choose to Cameron summer. Conclusion Recommendation Cameron Highlands is the smallest district in the state of Pahang which is located in the north-western corner of the state. One of the wonders of Malaysia, it is the largest and most famous hill resort in the country. This highland paradise still retains much of the charm of an English village. Being a primarily agricultural domain, you will find an abundance of vegetables and fruits farms here. Cameron Highlands is also the leading producer of flowers and tea in Malaysia. Be prepared for a lovely sight of extraordinary flowers you wont see flourishing elsewhere in Malaysia! At Cameron Highland can feel very enjoy and relax. Bibliograph Cameron Highland, online, retrieved 12 March 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Highlands Cameron Highland Strawberry Farm, online, retrieved 12 March 2011 from http://www.strawberryparkresorts.com/about-the-resort.html Cameron Highland Lakehouse, online, retrieved 12 March 2011 from http://www.lakehouse-cameron.com/index.php

industrial revlution study :: essays research papers

SEC 1 Industrial revolution- widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones Agricultural revolution- second Agricultural revolution it greatly improved the quality and quantity of farm products Crop rotation - the successive cultivation of different crops in a specified order on the same fields, in contrast to a one-crop system or to haphazard crop successions. Charles Townshend British Chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British-American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the U.S. War of Independence. Also urged the use if turnips to restore exhausted soil Jethro Tull – invented the seed drill Robert Bakewell – breed stronger horses King George – wrote articles about his model farm near Windsor castle Enclosure movement – the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers Population Explosion – the agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of Population the Population of Europe jump form 120 million to 190 million Energy revolution- the invented mind of the 1700’s found ways to use water power more efficiently Thomas Newcomen – invented a steam engine that ran on coal. It was use to pump water out of mines James Watt – James improved on Newcomen steam engine Matthew Boulton – James Watts partner who saw the potential of the steam engine SEC 2 The Crystal Palace – The immense structure that house the great exhibition a display of the â€Å"works of industry â€Å" Factory System – Capital – wealth to invest in enterprises such as mines, railroads, and factories Samuel Crompton – inventor of the spinning mule George Stephenson – inventor of the steam powered locomotive Michael Faraday – inventor of the dynamo Cotton Gin – invented by Eli Whitney helped separate seeds out of cotton

Cultural Tourism in Nigeria

INDIVIDUAL ESSAY Essay Title: Cultural tourism festivals and events in Nigeria Name: Deborah Vincentsdaughter TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents INTRODUCTION3 Cultural tourism3 LITERATURE REVIEW4 Festivals and events4 Cultural festivals in Nigeria5 Festivals and impacts6 Igue festival6 New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji7 Gbagyi Gbodogun8 CRITICAL ANALYSIS11 CONCLUSION11 REFERENCES12 INTRODUCTION Tourism generally has to do a lot with social activities. A typical example is the adventure tourism which is a type of tourism that provides an opportunity for people to challenge nature and everything about it.This type of tourism provides opportunities for activities such as: Hand gliding and Para sailing which are grouped under hard adventure; while hot sports and wild life are grouped under soft adventure. The chambers dictionary has defined tourism as the events of tourists and those who make it available for them. Tourism as defined in a book says that it is the study of how good human bein gs can cope when they are away from their normal habitats, of the industry that meet his needs and lastly of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host’s in such ways; sociocultural, economic and physical environments. Jafari 1977) Getting information from another book about tourism, differences in the definitions of tourism could be traced to the following approaches; Economic, technical and holistic. 1. Economic definitions emphasizes on the business area of tourism, but if it were to be criticized by leiper(1979) that it fails to even discuss about the tourist and his motivations or limitations in travelling. 2. Technical approach to the definition of tourism aims at mainly the governments and the tourism industry organizations that want to monitor the size and other important issues about tourists markets. . In 1942 holistic type defined tourism as â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so fa r as they don’t lead to permanent residence are not connected to any earning activity. Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a part of tourism. This part of tourism is an activity in which a particular group of people in a definite area present their heritage or cultural assets for tourists to see and appreaciate.The UNWTO(united nations world tourism organization) produced two definitions based on two approaches which are; * The narrow definition-derived from the professional, product-based approach to defining cultural tourism. This definition includes ‘movement of persons for basically cultural motivations such as; study tours, performing arts, cultural tours, travel to festivals and so many other cultural events, visits to sites, travel to study nature, folklore and pilgrimages(Richards 1996:22) * The wide definition-is based on conceptual, process-based approach.Has to do with the migration of persons because they satisfy the human need for diversity, tending to rai se the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge, experience and encounters(Richards 1996:22) Cultural tourism involves four elements according to my research and they are as follows; * Tourism * Use of cultural heritage assets * Consumption of experiences and products * The tourist(cultural tourists) According to ICOMOS (International council on monuments and sites) observed that â€Å"cultural tourism means many things to many people and herein it’s strengths and weaknesses†.This part of tourism is also known as a form of special tourism where culture plays the role of either attracting tourists or motivating people to travel (McIntosh and Goeldner 1992: Zeppel 1992; Ap 1992). LITERATURE REVIEW Festivals and events In this section, festivals and events in Nigeria will be discussed fully and their impacts analysed. It will be wise to discuss what festivals are all about first before going on to other things.Festivals are an important expression of human activity that contribute much to our social and cultural life and that they are also increasingly linked to generating business activity and providing income for their host communities(Ellen et all 2002). In some cases festivals are not observed with the motive of attracting tourists, their nature,destination,range of performers and productions in one place over a short period of time ,commonly in the summer months, encourages viewers(people) far and near/all over to come. They can take many forms, eg. music-rock, pop, jazz and folk types of music.There are also wine and cultural festivals. EVENTS INDUSTRY-this is an industry where festivals are grouped under. Cultural festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has so many festivals that have been in existence since the time of our ancestors, until the arrival of different religions as we have today but still yet festivals are taken as important occasion. Local festivals in Nigeria have a lot to do with different events such as; harvest festivals, betrothal festivals, crowning of a new chief and funerals. Today the western world and system has influenced our local festivals eg. ances that were performed by members of each village have now been transferred unknowingly to proffesionals. This country is rich in divers festivals which includes; * Egungun festival celebrated in Ijebu ode town of ogun state in May. * Odum festival celebrated by the ijaws of okirika in Benue state. Normally done in the month of April. * Barakau normally celebrated with animal sacrifices by the Fika people of Potiskun in yobe state. Done in July. * Nduku festival is known to be celebrated by the people of Ogume in Ndokwa local government area of Delta state. It is a November festival. * Igue estival this one is celebrated by the benis of Edo state in the month December. * New yam festival is done generally by the Ibo’s in Nigeria in the month of August. * Gbagyi gbodogun takes place in Gadabuke village and celebrated by the agadabu keyi’s (natives of the village) in toto local government area in Nasarawa state. Often observed at the end of the year November/December. * Oro festival is a tradional annual Yoruba event usually observed in the month of July. Among all these festivals listed out and summarized briefly, only three of them will be discussed and their impact as well in the next section.The local festivals are; 1. The Igue festival 2. New yam festival(Iri ji ohuru/iwa ji) 3. Gbagyi Gbodogun Festivals and impacts Igue festival; is the one am going to be discussing about first. It is done in the ancient city of the Benin kingdom, Benin located in Edo state in the southern part of Nigeria and takes place in the month of December. It marks the anniversary of the death of the past obas in Bini Kingdom. Igue festival usually goes on for seven days, and then on the seventh day, the conclusion is now celebrated. Sacrifices and offerings are made to the gods, songs are also sung along during the period.T he sacrifices offered are primarily used to cleanse the land, so that it becomes clean enough for the gods to be appealed. The people involved are the oba (king) of the Benin kingdom, his chiefs, subjects and the Benis of Benin, Edo state. In the past, their practices used to be sacrificing human beings for cleansing of the land to the gods until the present Oba Erediauwa came into power and stopped it. Presently such things don’t take place in the festival again, though sacrifices are being made, humans are no longer sacrificed, rather with animals for example goat.Apart from these, the Benis practice so many other things while celebrating the Igue festival which includes; the chiefs dressing in their finest traditional attires, joining the oba in songs and dances, by name Ugie Ewere. They do this with the Eben Emblem. Masquerades also perform the local dances to entertain the audience. While the festival is still on, all the Ihogbe presents symbolic Ewere leaves to the Oba. As the festival is celebrated yearly, the Oba celebrates Ugie Ewere (the anniversary of his marriage to Ewere some years back).The Bini people also use the festival as an opportunity for offering thanks to the gods for sparing their lives and request for more blessings. Public holidays are always given, and people are told not to move for that period of time. Impacts of igue festival The igue festival leaves its impacts in the lives of the Benin Edo people in these ways; * Economically; there are more activities in the area. For example a lot of people engage themselves in buying and selling in preparation of the event. * Socially; the festival creates a good publicity and image for the area. Eg. he people who come for the festival may want to re-visit the place, not just for a particular reason but to have a feeling of the environment. * Geographically; as people come from other tribes to witness the event, it gives the community an opportunity to be developed and supports environ mental enhancement. New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji); to eat a new yam/to break a new yam, that is what the words written in another language called Ibo means. Most times it depends on the village, but it is normally celebrated in the market place, where the god of the community/village is kept.The Iwa ji festival (new yam festival) is celebrated in the month of August. This festival, is all about celebrating a new yam(which is one of the most important food and first crop to be harvested in the eastern region) Old yams are brought out and discarded/consumed and the breaking of the new yam follows, it is usually done by the Igwe(king) or the chief priest depending on the destination, The people involved are the members of the village, chiefs or elders of the village, chief priest and the Igwe.In order for the festival to be a successful one, so many practices are involved which includes; sacrifices are made to the gods, to appease and thank them for fruitfulness, before the fe stival begins this is usually done by the chief priest(it is believed that their positions bestows the privilege of being intermediaries between the gods and their community),they come with the biggest sized yam for the festival, because it shows the amount of abundant fruitfulness including dishes served.Old yams are discarded or consumed in order to pave way for the new ones, Masquerades are invited to perform and entertain people, traditional gunshots announces the opening of the ceremony at times, children are being cleansed with rituals (ima cha ahu-to clean the body) because they belief that before a person takes in anything new, it is important to cleanse the body. This belief is popular among the Easterners. Most times the yam dishes are shared between friends and well-wishers in order to enjoy and celebrate with them.Sons and daughters of the Ibo community come back home from wherever they are in the world. Late Dim chukwuebuka Odumegwu Ojukwu described the events as  "the most igbo of Igbo events†, because it clearly shows the culture of the Ibos. Impacts of the new yam festival This festival impacts on lives of the locals of the eastern region in Nigeria, and they are; Positive impacts * Culturally; it strengthens the bond of the Igbos (the relationship). it reminds people of how love and unity existed and reigned among them before the civil war in the east. Socially; so many people feel happy during and after the event, because it brings their loved ones (sons and daughters) from far and near. For example Grandparents will be happy to see their children and grandchildren. * Economically; it yields the locals so much money, after they are done buying and selling. A good example for this is-people who were present at the occasion taste the yam, and would want to buy more maybe to take home or for many other reasons. Negative impacts * Culturally; sometimes people are being used for sacrifices to the gods all in the name of tradition or pre serving the culture.In addition, so many individuals get initiated into cults or fraternities which they never planned for. These initiations could be traced to the cleansing and sacrifices to the gods. Also People are being initiated into so many things. This happens because of the cleansing, sacrifices and others not mentioned. Gbagyi Gbodogun;the event takes place in northern part of Nigeria. it is being observed by the agadabukeyi’s or the Gwari people of Gadabuke village in toto local government area,in Nasarawa state. It is celebrated annually at he end of the year November/December. The festival is all about cultural values and tradition all showcasing with little sacrifices because religion has dominated tradition today. It helps to make the young ones get to know more about their customs and traditions. The people involved are the king, chiefs, governors, advocates and the villagers. Traditional dances, masquerades also display-the dance called Dawiya(the native name ),their local or cultural food is being displayed and served as well by name Zhepo.Martial arts, like the traditional martial arts are being done also,magics such as; pounding a tuber of yam on a person, and it is not painful(odi e shi-which means it is not painful in a language called Igbo),cutting an individual with a very sharp knife and it doesn’t hurt, eating razor blade and it doesn’t cut the persons mouth, pouring water into a basket and it does not lick. They normally drink palm wine, and the local food Zhepo with something to go with it. for example, garden egg soup and ponded yam.Ceremonial cleansing is being done also before the festival, traditional wears are being worn and they are called Ajesinda. This is the local food called Zhepo The Zhepo and garden egg soup mixed together Impacts of Gbagyi gbodogun Positive impacts The festival effects the locals in so many ways, a few of them are; * Socially; it is exciting for example when people watch the masquera des dance and the magicians act, it is pleasing to the eye and heart at times. Fun; people get to enjoy themselves while celebrating the festival. eg. he people acting as masquerades find it interesting scaring people (when they run, because of fear), the traditional dancers also have fun while performing at the festival. * Culturally; it awakens the gbagyi people about their culture for them to remember, to preserve, conserve and leave the culture Authentic just the way it has always been from the first days, if not because of science and technology or the 21st century age that came in and has really impacted into it. Negative impacts * Socially; the festival reunites the Gwari people. For example Gbagyi eople come together from far and near to celebrate, and through this, people get to meet new individuals. * Culturally; youths try stupid things. Eg. they go home and practice what they have seen the magicians do at the festival just to know if it true or not. At times they aspire to be magicians and have magical powers to do whatever they wished to do. CRITICAL ANALYSIS A. Is it fair for human beings to be killed all in the name of preserving culture? For example in the Igue festival human beings were being sacrificed to appease the gods.I personally believe that, no human being should be killed except the person has committed any crime punishable according to law and order. B. Can a festival be authentic, even after the foreign tourist’s impacts on them? Most at times, when foreigners grace these local events, they tend to introduce the western system to the locals who accept it and put it into practice. It takes a person who is properly educated and learned to know how to preserve their culture despite the influence of the foreign tourists. CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, Even if Nigeria is rich in cultural festivals, there are some practices that are not supposed to be sustained anymore and there are some that are meant to be preserved and maintained. For example, sacrificing of human beings. On the other hand, it is good for foreign tourists to come for the events and educate the locals more about festivals, but the locals also need to be educated on how to preserve their culture. REFERENCES http://emeagwali. com/nigeria/cuisine/igbo-new-yam-festival. html Robertico Rosendo croes. (2000), Anatomy of demand in international tourism, a case study of Aruba, Van Gorcum. ihttp://www. nasarawastatetourism. com/events/GbagyiGbogun. html Bob Mckercher, Hilary du cros. (2002), cultural tourism the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, U. S. A. the Haworth hospitality press. http://nigerianartatoyasaf. blogspot. com/2012/02/in-benin-igue-festival-2011-c elebrates. html Peter Robinson, Sine hietmann, peter Dieke. (2011), Research themes for tourism, UK, CAB international. http://www. onlinenigeria. com/festivals/? blurb=471 Milena Ivanovic. (2008), Cultural tourism, Cape Town, South Africa, Juta & company. ltd. ICOMOS AND UNWTO.

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