Heritage Conservation: Collective Memory And Urban Developmen

Heritage Conservation Collective Memory And urban DevelopmenRecently, a well-k right away movie Echoes of the Rainbow has once again arouse the publics aw atomic number 18ness of inheritance conservation. The semipolitical sympathies aforethought(ip) to redevelop Wing Lee Street as a dwelling house in order to advance the urban learning. However, after Echoes of the Rainbow was filmed at that street and won the award at the Berlin Film Festival 2010, that envision was discarded. (Apple Daily) This season, the political relation held the tot each(prenominal)y antithetic mountain point than earlier. Three years ago, in spite of the in cristalse protest, the governance pacify destroyed Star Ferry Pier, queen Pier and conjugal union Card Street for achieving to a greater extent new developing argonas. From my point of view, I strongly think that if the hereditary patterns so-and-so be well conserved, it tin female genital organ withal boost Hong Kong economy. Balanci ng both our bodied memory and urban knowledge are the job of the presidential term and the real purpose of hereditary pattern conservation.Preserving the hereditary pattern is very in-chief(postnominal) as it has lots of advantages. Firstly, local anesthetic inheritance possesses typic meaning to the unity of a society. Undoubtedly, historic hereditary pattern is memor adequate to(p) to the local lot in a city. (TV programmeHong Kong Story of RTHK). As urban theoriser Aldo Kossi says, the city is the collective memory of the people and memory is the basis of self-importance identity (Betty S F Ho, 2000). Local sentiments for the home city stick up self identity and the unity of a society. Destroying diachronic heritage could mean twist down unity within a city since the sense of belonging is deteriorated.Keeping the diachronic heritage whoremonger withal maintain heathen diversity for the future day generations. As suggested by the Conservancy standoff, herit age conservation is excessively a matter of bring forthable teaching and cross-generational equity. We do not have the right to deplete our natural or cultural resource, especially if they are non-renewable, to the detriment of our future generations (The Conservancy Association, 2003). Our fosterage system generally focuses on logical training just this is not enough. Creativity is crucial for sustainable ontogeny. However, the victimization of creativity is not just about recital different books, but alike to experience in person. We bathroomnot count on imagination only. By keeping the historic heritage, the new generation learns that a society can accommodate different goal and as well as the using from the old Hong Kong to the new one.In an ecological point of view, heritage conservation is an environmental friendly act. Pulling down old buildings for replacing produces hemorrhoid of waste. As pollution trouble in Hong Kong is getting to a greater extent(pren ominal) and more than secure in recent years, we should learn to conserve our resources when they are still useful. Renewal of the old buildings would be better for the earth and cost-efficient than pulling down them.The advantage of urban renewalOn the other hand, urban renewal and buildings brings advantages. It definitely forgets more realm use, and thither would be little need for landfill areas, which might push narrow our Victoria Harbour. As a crowded city, a more spacious breathing environment would remediate the nourishment quality of Hong Kong residents. People forget be more expert and healthy when their active space expands.Renewal of old areas provides better maintenance conditions for residents. According to the Development Bureau, Planning and Lands Branch of the HKSAR political sympathies, at present on that point are about 9,300 private buildings in the Metro Area (i.e. Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, Tsuen pale and Kwai Tsing) which are 30 years old and above. In ten years time, the number of buildings over 30 years old will increase by 50%. The problem of ageing buildings is most unspoilt in older urban areas (Planning and Lands Branch Development Bureau, 2008). Old buildings do not only affect the outlook of a city, they can also be a threat to the residents safety. Occasional accidents caused by old buildings can be a proof of this. Apparently, on that point is an urgent need to toy on this issue to avoid similar accidents.Urban renewal creates a new outlook for Hong Kong as a cosmopolitan city. Pollution problem in dilapidated urban areas in Hong Kong is rather serious, which is a declamatory contrast comparing with the developed urban areas. To build up and sustain the Asias world city shape, urban renewal sounds to be a incumbent action to be taken.The ways to balance heritage conservation and urban developmentHeritage preservation and urban development whitethorn go hand in hand.The best thing is we can be able to strike a balance between heritage conservation and urban renewal and buildings. For showcase, more frequent and careful check and renovation can be a way to avoid accidents caused by urban decay. Or we can develop different areas harmonize to their existing unique characteristics, alternatively of characterize different districts in one style. It is grateful to see the government has been putting more efforts in listening to the citizens voices when executing policies careing urban renewal in recent years. exactly its a long way to go, more channels can be opened to collect and encourage more valuable opinions. I believe, with our care and attention, the old buildings can be attractions of the city, but no longer dilapidated areas and buildings.In recent years, the government has been proposing different development plans of the city and many of them involve the areas, where some diachronic buildings or backstreets are situated, therefore the devastation of the buildings or bac kstreets become necessary for the plans. For instance, according to the Conservancy Association, the Woodside in Quarry Bay was planned to be pulled down in 2005 for the development of high rise residential uses. Luckily, due to the request of the Conservancy Association and the support of the community, the Woodside was writed in the end (Conservancy). Another example is the demolition of the Queen Pier. Due to the Central and Wan Chai Reclamation Project of the government in the 1990s, the Queen Pier was planned to be pulled down in 2006. The aim of the project is to extend the waterfront from Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay, so as to improve the traffic in these districts. But it arouses lots of public concern and endion when it came to the step that the 50-year-old Queen Pier had to be pulled down. As Hongkongers can see that, the government is having different kinds of renovation plans in the city so as to boost the economy and competitiveness of Hong Kong. But once these plans a re announced or progressed, physical objection and negative comments come quicker than the ultimate result as all these plans have one common need the scarification of the heritage rates. It seems that this is a big problem that all these plans bring along. It is time for the authorities and citizens to think about whether economic development and preservation of heritage sites are mutually opposed, or can be mutually beneficial. economical development and preservation of heritage sites can be mutually beneficial, because historical buildings and backstreets can service boost our tourism constancy. As they are all of high historical nurse and characteristic of our culture, they can, in fact, attract a lot of foreign visitors. The foreigners would love to understand Hong Kong culture and history more done flavour at these buildings and backstreets. Some of these buildings and backstreets whitethorn purge turn in some of the unique Chinese traditional practices and custom s, such as the wed Card Street that do business by gartering people to design traditional but special wedding cards (Tourism Board). If these heritage sites are successfully restored and much better preserved, they could be converted into more popular and attractive tourers spots, such as the Wedding Card Street, Queens Pier, Ladies Street, etc. In this way, it is an important economic pulse and we would all realise from it. On the other hand, if the historical buildings and backstreets are demolished, the foreigners would then lose the hazard to understand the culture of Hong Kong and thus they may lose their touch on in visiting Hong Kong. Hence, it harms the tourism industry and the economy of Hong Kong as well.A trade good example about a better policy in preserving the heritage sites so as to make them become famed and attractive tourist spots is Macau, as more than 30% of its economic income comes from the hotel and give industry (Macao). On the other hand, only around 20% of Hong Kong economic income comes from the hotel and catering industry (Census statistics). According to the Conversancy Association in Hong Kong, the Macau politics has been large(p) much attention to heritage sites conservation since the 1970s (Conservancy). The authority looking after conservation policy and implementation is the Cultural Institute (Conservancy). In the policy, not only the individual heritage site is preserved, but also the whole district around a central square, or along a street, and all these historical interests are then linked up with pedestrian walkways (Conservancy). In that way, tourists and visitors can check out all those historical buildings or backstreets one by one according to their own interest and thus understand more about Macaus background. While Macau and Hong Kong both depone much on their tourism industry, Macau has already proved that preserving its own heritage sites does benefit to the tourism industry and thus help boost the eco nomy. Therefore, Hong Kong organisation should really start learning from Macau.While preserving the heritage sites can preserve the history and culture, help boost the tourism industry and thus improve the economy, the demolition of them, on the other hand, brings objection from Hongkongers and some related to problems. Hongkongers object to the idea of demolishing the historical buildings and replacing with new developments. They also object to the political sciences view, that the heritage sites are of no importance, and that the value of each heritage site can be ignored. The reason why Hongkongers object to the demolition of the historical buildings and interesting backstreets is that the heritage sites are of high historical, cultural and architectural value and importance (Conservancy). They witness the changes of Hong Kong (AMO) and are displaying the history, people behaviour and culture in the past. They represent a bridge between the present and the past of the city. Go vernment House in Central is one of the examples, which is representative in witnessing the political change in Hong Kong. The heritage sites are irreplaceable landmarks that symbolize the image and culture of a city. In other words, they are representing Hong Kong and helping us to build up Hong Kongs imageApart from the historical and cultural value (Conservancy), these historical buildings and backstreets also help enhance the sense of holding of Hongkongers. You may be surprised to know that there are lots of historical legacies in Hong Kong and they can be found in nearly every district. For instance, Wong Tai Sin Temple in Kwun Tong district, clock tower in Tsim Sha Tsui, Old District in Tai Po, etc (Tourism Board). Therefore, people living in different districts, are having some special collective memories with different of these heritage sites, which means they share a collection of memories with a common culture about the heritage sites and they would then be able to remem ber the events related to those heritage sites in the future (Answers). Thus, the historical buildings and backstreets in turn provide people with unique social roots. These built heritage sites also help cultivate peoples culture identities and even record some significant historical events. That is why people would have a strong sense of belongings due to their collective memories with these heritage sites and they also pick up their identities through these memories. By preserving what remains, it can also serve commandment purposes by grownup our next generation chances to experience and explore.Of course, some people, especially the businessmen, entrepreneurs and industrialists, would support the development plans proposed by the Government and think that it is worth to demolish the heritage sites when necessary. The early argument that they would raise is, of course, preservation of heritage sites would hinder the economic development in the city. As a world-class city, Hon g Kong should and had better have sustainable economic developments so as to maintain its competitiveness among different noted trading cities. Yet, as Hong Kong is such a small city with a peculiar and rugged landscape, there are limited places or areas for further economic development. Also, due to the high density of population of Hong Kong, there is a need or demand for more lands. Therefore, these reasons prompt the exploration of lands and development of more high-rise buildings (Conservancy). For certain, historical buildings occupying some potential sites, which are planned to be developed, become barriers. A recent good and controversial example should be the Fa Yuen Street (South), which is commonly called the Sport Shoe Street. It is located on a potential site in Mongkok which has already been planned for the development of a brand new Sports City. However, once the plan was announced, the shop owners and citizens living around immediately showed their unwillingness to be removed. They objected to the plan due to their collective memories related to the street. For this reason, the project is now hindered and couldnt be progressed smoothly. In fact, the project can be cancelled, because it is not necessary to have this redevelopment plan if the Government wants to boost the economy. Better preservation of the Fa Yuen Street and making it become a more popular tourist spot can also help boost the economy by improving the tourism industry, so do the other heritage sites.In addition to the collision with the economic development, the Hong Kong Government would also argue, that the conservation of these cultural and historical heritage sites makes the burden of the Government even much heavier. As citizens all know, preservation of heritage sites is not an easy or cheap task, it requires loads of money and resources. As there is not adequate outside funding for preservation of the historical buildings and backstreets, the government is in fact paying most of the cost in the conservation process of the historical buildings, including the maintenance fee, repairing fee, restoration cost and management cost. This is, in fact, as well, hindering the development of other aspects in the society, like education or environment protection. While we are talking about outgo more on better preservation of those remarkable heritage sites, there are, as well, inadequate resources available for the development for a better education system, or for better environment protection in Hong Kong so as to fight against the global warming. The Hong Kong Government should, therefore, think carefully about what their net choice should be. Yes, it is true that preservation of heritage sites requires loads of money and resources. But if the heritage sites can be converted into popular tourist spots, they can help boost the tourism industry and thus the economy. Then they are no longer the burden of the Government, since the economic income they bring w ould far outstrip the preservation fee they require.In addition to the businessmen, entrepreneurs and industrialists, some Hongkongers are also opposed to the preservation of the heritages and backstreet. The reason behind is that the living condition of them may be adversely affected due to the heritage sites. In Hong Kong, the land use in the historical areas like Sheung Wan, Sham Shui Po and Yau Ma Tei were not well-planned many years ago. Lots of mixed commercial and residential areas can be found in these urban areas. Problems like over-crowding, serious noise and air pollution are commonly found in these districts and are getting worse gradually. In that way, preservation of the historical buildings in these districts does not favour the efficient urban planning of alleviating the poor living condition. On the other hand, demolition of buildings and redevelopment of these areas seem more important and necessary since more open and green areas, and a better plan of land use ar e needed. Thus, residents in these districts would support the Government intention of demolishing the heritage sites and redeveloping the area as they would like to have a new and better living environment. While it is necessary to solve the living problems in the urban areas, it does not mean that demolishing the heritage sites for redevelopment is the only solution. Reallocation of the population in the urban districts is a more effective and a win-win solution to the problem, as it can not only solve the problem but also let the heritage sites overleap from the fate of demolition.All in all, whether to preserve the heritage sites in Hong Kong depends major(ip) on its influence on the Hong Kong economy. And from the arguments mentioned above, you can see that preservation of the precious and memorable heritage sites would not hinder the economic growth in Hong Kong, but in fact help boost the economy by boosting the tourism industry. Moreover, it can help conserve the history a nd culture of Hong Kongs past. Therefore, the historical buildings and backstreets are really worth preserving and should be better protected. However, in Hong Kong, there is only 85 historical buildings are well preserved now (AMO), when comparing with about 600 in total. It seems that the organizations responsible for this, which include the Antiquities and Monuments Organization (AMO) and the station Affairs Bureau, are not doing enough. Other countries and cities in the world, such as Macau, have already established their own system in preserving heritage sites and maintaining a balance between the preservation work and the economy. Hong Kong, as an international renowned and world-class city, should catch up with them and start setting up its own system about conserving the heritage sites so as to butt on the international standard.Economic development is not the only factor that determines Hong Kong future and status, preservation of historical and cultural heritage sites a lso counts. They can even be mutually beneficial. Hongkongers should try their very best to maintain a balance between these two key factors. It is hoped that Hong Kong Government would soon run across this and do more on preserving the important parts of Hong Kongs past before it is too late

Migrant Life in Greece During the Economic Crisis

Migrant Life in Greece During the Economic CrisisTsiori MariaAbstract For a long time Greece has been a country of emigration. Despite the ongoing economic downturn of recent courses the country has turned into a drove country for many unsettleds from Africa and Asia mainly as a gateway illegally, into the EU. Consequently, this migratory movement in this country has attracted a lot of academic following as the give away is of vast importance to not only the EU but also the Greek government , Greek society and migrants alike. The intention of this work is to provide an in depth view of migrant life history in Greece at present both through their eyes and from the panorama of the people their presence impacts upon. Migration to Greece through Turkey, especially has exploded recently and this thesis testament explore the reasons migrants corroborate ended up in Greece whilst in transit further west or the reasons they end up subsiding there and how the current economic c limate of Greece itself is directly affecting migrant lives. It will investigate how much the migrants integrate into Greek culture or the extent of the formation of their own social networks within the country and whether this integration or lack thereof affects the air of xenophobia seemingly increasing as of late. Moreover , it will investigate how the Greek government is handling the issue , the related animosity from either side and the positive and negative aspects the migrants crap on Greek society both in the immediate field of battle and on a gargantuanr scale both economically and socially. literary productions viewThe collection and review of relevant books went on end-to-end course of the project and implicated both empiric and theoretical texts. As far as the author be concerned we reviewed the recent literature on the atomic compute 63an emigration at times of crisis as soundly as academic texts which deal with issue of emigration and economic crises more(p renominal) broadly. A person occupying another country for over a year is getd as a long-term migrant by the EU, and a short-term migrant over three months but under a year (UN DESA 1998) with a clear distinction from tourism but the nett intentions of that movement of individuals may be unclear or may in time evolve with time and give rise to the use of other definitions of migration as can be seen with seasonal migration. A major factor influencing gracious societies is that of migration and an ever increasing amount of investigation and analysis into this issue and the effects of it. It is by no means a new phenomenon with many large scale movements of people in history but especially with the alter ease of movement we definitely can recognize this time as the age of migration (Castles Miller, 2009) with whatsoever look intoers citing that migration never ceases to finish (Schapendonk, 2011). One characteristic of ripe day migration is that of unsmooth migration or il legal migrants as peoples movements infringe upon army countries laws but the latter term reinforces the criminal nature of the act .Such natural process can be seen in a major way in the area the Greek-Turkish moldings where there exists a significant portal of entry into atomic number 63 (Schapendonk, 2011). Whether the migration process stops for individuals depends on the conditions of life the migrants find. It can be seen in the current literature, that investigations into migration highlight the effect that migration has but not the actual migration machine (Karczemski Boer, 2010). furthermore, there exists numerous theories concerning migration internationally and contemporary research tends towards a multidisciplinary angle (Castles Miller, 2009) but there is a large proportion of analysis instruction on how social migrant networks integrate into migration and what divide they play (Schapendonk, 2011 Koser Pinkerton, 2002 Spittel, 1998). Academics define these net works as sets of interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants, and non-migrants in origin and end areas through ties of kinship, friendship, and shared community origin (Gelderblom Adams, 227 2006). The way in which migration is heared at has changed as Khalid Koser, a Senior Fellow at Brookings Institution says, We use to think of migration as a human bail issue defend people and providing assistance. Now we clearly perceive-or misperceive-migration as a national security issue. And the risk of securitizing migration is that you risk legitimizing extraordinary responses. Furthermore the problem can be compounded by the demographic nature involved with the migration as former CFR Senior Fellow Charles Kupchan explains, The backdrop to this migrant crisis is the difficulty that many europiuman countries have in integrating minorities into the social mainstream. Many of these immigrants are coming from Islamic countries, and the relationship between immigrant Musl im communities and the majority populations is not good. Kupchan also goes on to highlight the fact that geographically this problem has other factors involved too, Europe has historically embraced more ethnic than civic approaches to nationhood, unlike the United States, and that is part of the reason immigration is proving so difficult. Francesc Ortega, a professor of economics in New York conducted an investigation in 2013 into European migration and concluded that it is driven by financial needs and irregular migration is a product of poverty, The migratory pressures to Europe are something thats not going to go away.and the truth is there are very limited legal pathways to migrate to Europe. . . . Those two facts combined spend a penny smuggling very profitable. The pursuit for monetary reward by migrants does depute pressure on the military nation as can be seen specifically with Greece as the number of jobs and the income has reduced for Greeks everywhere. Animosity toward s migrants in Greece is on the rise and according to Anna Triandafyllidou, attention to immigration as a ripening threat to the cohesion of modern Greek society. In fact, racism is on the rise in society and policy-makingly with support for immigration ceaselessly on the decline ( http//www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/MIDAS-Policy-Paper-EN.pdf). From my opinion, the integration of immigrants appears to be a complex, varied and contradictory process, touching several aspects of contemporary Greek society politics and policy, economy and the labour market, geography and space, education and culture. Despite the exclusionary mechanisms that are in time in place, immigrants do make a living in the host country and gradually become organic elements, turning Greece into a multicultural society.Outline of the chaptersCurrently the thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 will dish out as an introduction to the issue and present the aim of the research and the conditio nal relation of the topic in a contemporary sphere. The second chapter will look at the current policies of both the EU and the Greek government concerning irregular migration and will look at Greek migration elsewhere in the globe. Chapter 3 will focus on the entry point to the EU via the Greek-Turkish border and look at the reasons they are found to be there at that moment and what the conditions are like at these holding centers. It will take points of view from both Greek citizens and migrants. It will include a number of interviews from both sides. Chapter 4 moves on to look at the migrants life-legal and illegal- in the point after the holding centers in various regions and snapshots of their lives as well as their hopes and desires for the future. It will pay particular attention to any racism and antimigrant relish experienced by those interviewed. Chapter 5 will explore the social networks of the migrants in Greece and how they have developed and to what extent they have improved their lives. The sixth and final chapter will present the conclusions and suggest further areas of investigation including suggestions on political alterations to migrant policy specifically dealing with the Greek legislation.Methodology The methodology that I will use for this research will be a combination of a quantitative and qualitative approach, using interviews and statistics around the migrant and immigrant crisis in Greek life and in EU in general. It will include a field research also in some areas of Greece where they have refugees hotspots. I will interview a number of refugees and Greek citizens comparing their opinions. This sort of research tries to offer responses to inquiries like how or why. Furthermore I will include the political approaches of realism and feminism and liberalism. Also, my research will be exploratory and I will use the empirical method. Finally, it will conclude the foreign policies of Greece around immigration through the years.Biblio graphy Regarding the bibliography, the newsprint will be construct both in light of crucial and secondary sources. At first it will include official archive from the EU and the UNHCR, (2012), Text of Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs ,European Union Councils decisions for the refugee crisis. Concerning the derivative sources, they will principally include scholastic interviews from refugees and Greek citizens in the areas of Greece, Local and international press reportage regarding the refugee crisis in Greece and in Europe (The Independent, BBC,Guardian,To Vima, Kathimerini ) some of them are listed belowCastles, S. Miller, J. (2009), The board of Migration. New York Palgrave McMillanKarczemski, M Boer, A. (2010) Post-Accession Migration Polish migrants moving from Poland to The Hague, Radboud University, NijmegenKoser, K. Pinkerton, C., (2002) The Social Networks of Asylum Seekers and th e dispersal of information about countries of Asylum, Migration Research Unit, University College LondonSchapendonk, J. (2011), Turbulent Trajectories. Sub-Saharan African Migrants Heading North, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen

Case Study Eastman Sports Cars Management Essay

Case Study Eastman Sports Cars Management EssayFirst, to ending the case study about Eastman Cars Sports Ltd. This will be done by identifying issues relating to LD inside this caller-out.Secondly, to propose solution in connection to LD aiming at modify both the accomplishment and the work office staff at Eastman carsFinally, this report will shew as much as possible to predict potentials barriers to face in the process of introducing LD strategies.2.0 Issues identified with proposition regarding LDAfter readiing the case study, I observed that the comp each is so antiquated that they ar non worth functionable. concord to the case study staff energize need of limited resources. This intend that the leaders in the follow have rigid culture and prejudicious mindset of managers. I in that locationfore encountered numerous problems that the administration is facing, these wereThe beau monde was tell apart of having a unilateral decision making managing directorLack of colloquyLack of Management system and style of leadershipLack of engineering and facts of lifeLack of human resource managementHealth and safety device system wasnt put in placeLow staff moraleAll these had an extremely negative effect on the telephoner performance and infastructure. And I consider this as a bad aspect of a stituaton where the leaders should guide and inspire the team, but the issues I would like to demonstrate is the following2.1 Communication within the organizationProblems occurring within avocation grass soft be solved through teamwork discussions. Teamwork discussions refer to internal see held within organizations comprising of staff from unhomogeneous organizational departments. According to business professionals, potent communion within follow acts as a major compute that leads to its development (Thetimes100, 1995-2009). Eastman gather ups having effective internal communication for it to succeed. This is as it will bene reckon in effect ive flow of study within the beau monde olibanum patroning apiece department carry out its respective responsibilities smoothly. However, communication may prove to be complicated for the company due to each department having its own mannerism, biases and capabilities. On the opposite hand any(prenominal) of the nurture to be conveyed to the departments will be intend for particular groups. Therefore the company need to crap great attention on information intended for particular groups. Eastman Company has various groups ranging from formal to informal. Formal groups are those that have been assigned vital roles by Eastman Company and are established by the management which includes sales department, managers, administrators and accounting staffs. As these departments are allocated in various sites within the company, there is great need for information flow within them to be ensured for Eastman to attain its goals and objectives (Susan, 2009, p 1-3).Employee relation wi th their supervisors can go cold in gartering or hampering the attainment of organizational goals. Workforce, being the ones tangled in day to day operation of the company, may identify various areas within the company that requires to be improved. If supervisors within Eastman prove hard to dish up with, employees might opt to continue operating the company without reporting any hitch that occurs within the company. This would lead to the company not attaining its goals. In nigh cases, companies crumble due to poor relationship among managers and employees (David, 2009, p. 5). With virtually employees in Eastman admitting that some equipment are poorly managed within the company but they cannot help it as their supervisor is not willing to heed to their suggestions, it implies that the company is apt(predicate) to collapse. Good relationship between employees and their managers would improve employee motivation leading to increase in their productivity. There is great need for Eastman supervisors to ensure that they are eer ready to listen to employees opinions and work on them accordingly. Commending employees whenever they have done sound will also help in improving their morale. In to the lavishlyest degree cases, supervisors try to look for the negative deeds that their subjects commit forgetting about the many another(prenominal) good things they do (Andrew, 2009, p. 2-4).It is the duty of supervisors to listen to what their subordinates tell them. This does not hold still for that they agree with all that is said by their subordinates. whatsoevertimes, employees being the ones carrying out the periodic operations of the company may have ideas on how to improve some of the processes within the company such as development of the cars bodies. Failure to listen to employees opinion is what is leading to the growth of dont care attitude among staffs within Eastman company. If not dealt with urgently, it would lead to the company incurring a lot of expenses in purchase and repairing damaged equipments. In practice therefore Eastman should arrange and encourage the departments in looking by and by employees interest. From this mayo (1980-1949) suggest that employees are motivated when there is a better communication between managers and workers. He also think there should be a greater management involvement. It is manager destiny to educate, influence, motivate and learn to approach his employees.2.2 Lack of technology / TrainingWith change magnitude development in technology, business organizations need to regularly have a bun in the oven tuition to their staffs to improve their productivity. Bearing in mind that Eastman only conducts only technological gentility to its staff when they are employed, the company requires to conduct preparedness to it staffs. To conduct effective employee training and development, Eastman requires being aware of all changes that will result from the training. For it to maintain its hawkish power in the market, it need to impart risingborn experience within its employees and not rely on what employees already know. continual employee training and education has proved to be a key factor in improving organization performance. In conducting the training, Eastman need to encourage creative thinking among the staffs as it is the major element that will lead to the company gaining competitive advantage in the market. Training will help in introducing in the buff inventions within the company making it more unique from its competitors (James, 2009, p.2-4).In todays business environment, the only way for a company to survive is to be innovative. This ciphers all told on the level of training being conducted within a company. It does not imply that Eastman has to go out looking for means to impart knowledge on its staffs. If knowledge does not bring positive changes to the company it is as good as when the staffs are not trained as the company will incur u nnecessary expenses. Eastman needs to ensure that it has harmonized its training with its needs, goals and the goals of its staffs. Business training has been faced with opposition from managers who perceive it as pricey and time wasting. Some claims that training is not fruitful while others frontier it as for young people who get in companies without knowledge. Eastman managing director may see as if conducting staff training is expensive but sorrow to conduct the training would prove even more expensive. Studies have shown that empowering employees through training and development has great impact than investing in machineries and other physical resources (Patrick and Bruce, 2000, p.225). Its essential that Eastman supervisor ensure all employees are not exposed to exploitation in case they fail to undergo the training. Some companies use training to scare employees by threatening to sack them in case they fail to complete the training successfully. Instead, LD should be used to ply value to the organisation and not the reverse. Clear goals are necessary for an organisation before it embarks on training of workers. If the company goes into training without undefended goals of the determine that need to be added to the company, such an organisation is courting failure. Eastman Sports Cars needs clear objectives for training the workers.Learning and development requires resources. An organisation must set apart resources to be used in training workers. The amount will depend on the kind of training they need. The tuition resources must be easily accessible to the workers. They should be of high quality and cost effective. The cost of training should not be very high such that it hinders the smooth running play of the organisation. Eastman Sports Car has not been doing very well lately and cost of training workers needs careful consideration. In addition, be timely and relevant to the learning needs of the workers. More importantly, training treatmen t should provide value for currency (Thomas and Ploman, 1986, p. 64).The barriers that are likely to be encountered are lack of enough gold to finance the training. Time is also a barrier to training this is because some workers may have little spare time on their workforce to attend classes. They may also be free at extraordinary hours (Thorne and Mackey, 2007,p.39). Accessibility is another challenge some sources may not be accessible to workers and the quality may not be satisfactory such that at the end of training the individuals gain very little to help them improve their skills. Lack of proper communication also leads to inadequate information and advice. (Sandler, 2007, p. 93). Lack of management support is another barrier to LD due to Mr Eastmans lack of interest for training.3.0 ConclusionWhereas every employee in Eastman performs a specific task, the company can initiate ill-tempered training. This is where employees are trained on various jobs to ensure regular oper ations within the company. If an employees job cease to know in the company or one department happen to require more staffs, staffs can be transferred to this department without the need for Eastman to employ new staff. This can also swear out in expanding companys capacities without having to recruit new staffs. For instance, cross training has been said to be secrete behind the success of Toyota automaker in Japan. Another type of training that can be tillable in Eastman is the just-in-time training. This is where employees are trained when need arise to meet the needful skills. These training can be conducted at work place and requires little(a) time hence not expensive for the company (Vemi, 2007, p. 209-216). There are many issues in learning and development such as strategies, intervention and resources. In addition, during learning and development the barriers may arise. However, the barriers can be overcome. Thus, the company achieves its objectives in learning and dev elopment.4.0 RecommendationsI barrack that the managers in Eastman should identify and instigate learning and development. The company can do this through personal interviews of the workers. The company can also look at its priorities and match them against the individual needs (Thorne and Mackey 2007, p. 16). Once the needs identification is through the company should provide a solution to the needs. The solution comes in for of training or learning. The company develops and delivers the most appropriate learning to meet the need. During this stage, the company works with external experts on the subject matter to design learning packages. The learning can take various forms for instance the course can be computer-based, paper-based, work experience, coordinate activities or self-paced activities.The learning resources must be easily accessible to the workers. They should be of high quality and cost effective. Further recommendations include the followingThe company should avail funds to train workers. Incentives can also be given over to the workers who commit to training. The employer can give them subsidies.The leaders should consider In determine the most appropriate style of leadership in the work place which includes the characteristics of the manager, personality, attitude, abilities, value system and the personal credibility of managers( mullins, 2007, p 390)The type and constitution of the organisation, organisation culture, and different stages in innovation and development.I completely recommend the managing director (Kayleigh) to act as a coach and a instruct to the organisation. Employers have the right skills to support the success of their businessess, and individuals have the skills they need to be both employable and personally fulfilled (Harrison, 2005, p.26).The learning and development scheme should be meaningful to the workers by linking skills to be learnt with the company objectives.The company should go forth worker time flexibi lity during the course period. The company can assist in developing part-time learning as well as distance learning. The trainers should also train the workers at the workplace to save on time spent on travel.The company should conduct background bank check on the trainers to ensure that the relevant authority accredits them. The company should stick to high quality training standards to give the workers high quality learning.Communication between the workers and leaders should be improved so that information is passed upwards or downwards effectively.Evaluation should be on learning and development after training to see the value of the training packages.

Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal

Systematic limited brush up of the psychogenic wellness re trial run lawcourtA Systematic check up on of the genial wellness examine administration Processes, lineaments and Impact1. What is the psychogenic health go over motor hotel?The rational health Review judgeship is a collection of independent juridical bodies that rank to check the bailiwicks of suitable applicant unhurried roles who pretend been usurply detained beneath(a) the moral health deed 19831. Following strict guidelines and statutory criteria for streak, collectively, atoms of the tribunal commit the power to direct the discharge of applicant perseverings who satisfy the relevant discharge criteria. According to the prescribed website of the tribunal ( psycho perspicuous health Review motor hotel2), its micturateer(a)wise headliner powers atomic number 18To recommend leave of absence from employment or groom as appropriateTo recommend supervised dischargeTo recommend var y to other infirmary or relevant health c ar skipperTo issue directions regarding procedural mattersTo reconvene if whatsoever of their recommendations from a past judicature auditory sense is non complied withIn general, the intellectual Health Review judicial system serves as a forethought against wrongful admission or unwarrantedly considerable clutch (Wood, 19933). As much(prenominal), they give detained longanimouss access to an effective appeal tool in order to ensure, as far as possible, heavy security system of their liberty. All this is carried pop in accordance with the Human turns Right.There argon five courtyard offices in the United Kingdom ( affable Health impress 1983 Memorandum on Part V4). Each region in England is operated under a separate MHRT and a separate judicatory covers the whole of the acres of Wales. Accordingly, thither ar five judicature offices that provide administrative declare to the respective MHRTs.The MHRT ope pass judgment under the provisions of the Mental Health spiel 1983 and the Mental Health Review homage Rules 1983 (Her Majestys Stati wholenessry Office, 19835). The powers and duties of the judiciarys are as set out by the Mental exertion 1983, afterwardswards amended in the ensuing policy document, the Mental Health (Patients in Community) flake 1995. The actual homage bear on commonly catchs place in the hospital where the applicant longanimous is organism retained, and is usu completelyy held in private, unless other agreed by the forbearing in question and the segments of the Tribunal.The actual makees and review procedures of the Tribunal are defined in the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 (Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1983) similarly, this has overly been amended to a to a greater extent current version.Tribunal procedures and deliberations should always be carried out in accordance with the principles of the statutory instrument and the principles in which the other subgroups operate when considering Definitions, explosive charge and the Mental Health Commission under the Mental Health Act. These entangleNon-discriminationEqualityRespect for diversityReciprocityParticipationRespect for carersleast restrictive alternative and wantonityRespect for businesssAll diligent of roles that keep back been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or that are eligible for tutorship or supervised post-discharge care have the funda noetic remediate to appeal, i.e. to concord for a review by submitting an application to the Mental Health Review Tribunal, within the specified time limits as specified in the Mental Health Act. Further much, in order to ensure regular reviews of all upshots, if the patient fails to make such an application the Tribunal, the appropriate body or military unit is obliged to make a referral of the case to the appropriate regional Tribunal. The ships company responsible for devising this mandatory referral diffe rs for various patients and depends on the restriction stance of the patient (discussed further in section on types of patients)In the case of restricted patients, it is the responsibility of the Secretary of separate for Justice to refer the case to the TribunalIn the case of non restricted patients, the onus falls on the hospital man mount uprsIn a review of Representing the psychically ill and wound (Gostin and Rassaby, 19806), the authors who are incidentally representatives of the case Association for Mental Health (MIND), highlights the unmet pick up for wakeless design for applicant patients at Tribunal hearings of over 20,000 patients annually. How forever, as pointed out by John Hamilton (1980)7 of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 90% of these patients are, in fact, on short term detention orders and re main(prenominal)(prenominal) as informal patients after the expiry of the utter order. In fact, a great majority of patients are compulsorily detained only f or very short period of times and (from 72 hours to 28 days) and whitethorn non be eligible for a review process during that limited tot of time (Rollins, 19808). As a result, the informal status of the applicant patient is very outstanding because most of the hospitalised psychical health patients in England and Wales are informal (Andoh, 20009). olibanum applying one safeguard provided in the Mental Health Act 1983, less than 10% of rational health patients who are compulsorily detained have a statutory right of appeal from an independent Mental Health Review Tribunal.In Gostins replying correspondence (198010), he revisits the Percy Commission, and emphasises the glaring discrepancies in expected and actual rates of Tribunal hearings. According to Gostin (1980), the Percy Commission envisioned that there would be approximately 8000 9000 Tribunal hearing every year. However, in reality, there norm is a figure of about 750, with the maximum ever annual rate being 1515 heari ngs. As a consequence, most Tribunal peniss hear only one or 2 cases indivi ternaryly year and thereof do not have the opportunity to garner experience and familiarity with a diverse largeness of cases that would have been beneficial to improve future judgements. In the past two decades though, there has been a major increase in the number of applicants to the Tribunals (Crossley, 200411). In fact, as reported by Blumenthal and Wessely in 199412, applications to the Tribunal rose dramatically in the 10 years between 1983 and 1993, with the figure approaching 10,000, i.e. just about a three- change surface increase since 1984 and costing approximately 12 million pounds ().2. Mental Health LegislationMental health legislating in the acres countries is changing in roughwhat common law jurisdictions (Carney 200713). There is an increase debate on whether it is, in fact, a health or intelligent issue and certain schools of thought question the need for special legislation in th e present day. There is controversy over the non-therapeutic constitution of reprehensible law, especially in its sentencing and penological military man faces can the inherent workings of law ever be adjusted to incorporate the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence (McGuire, 200014)? Furthermore, some critics likewise question the beneficial role of Tribunals or profound adjudication of the detention requirements. The very fact that the term detention is used to describe the process of admission of these frequently vulnerable patients is probably evidence of the need for well-grounded contri thation. As intellectual health patients are frequently prone to military group and can be considered a jeopardize to the habitual and themselves, it is straightforward that two disciplines of health and the law need to collaborate to achieve optimal long management of this population.2.1 The Mental Health Act 1983The Mental Health Act 1983 provides legislative guidance for the compulsory ambulatory assessment, care and treatment (i.e. the general management in hospital) of patients with a psychical sickness. In the Mental Health Act document intellectual disorder is defined as psychical indisposition, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of mind. As an amendment from the Mental Health Act 1959, the 1983 policy document requires that in order for a patient to fall within the criteria for severe psychical impairment or psychogenic impairment, the patient in question has to be associated with abnormally competitive or seriously irresponsible behaviour (Singh, 198415). This explanation excludes an appreciable amount of hard impaired or impaired mental health patients that are neither abnormally aggressive nor seriously irresponsible, and thus these every bit vulnerable patients remain unprotected under the amended Mental Health Act 1983.Thus it would appear that the commentarys of, under the Mental Health Act 1959, of severe mental subnormality and mental subnormality would be more considerate and delightful towards such patients, as it certainly encompassed in the definition the vulnerability of this mental health patient population (Singh, 1984). In part, the Act states that, severe subnormality being of such a nature or percentage point that the patient is incapable of living an independent life or of guarding himself against serious exploitation or will be incapable when of an age to do so, and in the case of mental subnormality of a nature or degree which requires or is susceptible to checkup treatment or other special care or rearing of the patients.Thus the recommendations describe herein in this document apply not only to patients pain from more violent mental disorders, but also vulnerable patients who whitethorn find it difficult to express their various unavoidably, or who in some extreme, cases, may not even recognise that they need sp ecialist help. It has been proposed that mental health should be given the same priority as somatogenetic health (Kmietowicz, 200516). Application of the 1983 Act should also take into consideration exclusions from the definition of mental health, as set out in plane section 1 (3) of the Act. This section of the policy document states that a person should not be treated under the provisions of the Act, if they are suffering from mental disorder purely by footing of promiscuity, other moral manners, sexual deviance or substance misuse, including dependence on alcohol or drugs. However, the Act recognises that such behavioural problems as listed above may be accompanied by, or associated with, mental disorder, and as such should be overlook in its entirety.Real life experience apparently shows that the Act is usually fully implemented with appropriate communication and coaction between the various disciplines involved (Ourashi and Shaw, 200817). A recent of judicial practice an d assessment of risk to the public in detained one-on-ones, based on Sections 37/41 of the Act, showed that, in addition to the primary need to protect the public, an spare and almost every bit important intention was to ensure compliance with both after-care service and medication. In the study sample, which was made of 12 judges from crown courts in England, it was form that restriction orders were rarely made contrary to the recommendations of the affiliated aesculapian checkup practician.It is suitable of note to consider that the recent Mental Health Act of 2007 have introduced some important modifications to core recommendations and standard roles and responsibilities of mental health practitioners (Kousoulou, 200818). These amendments perchance gain even more importance when we consider the revolutions that have occurred in psychiatry since the original Mental Health Act 1983 was implemented. Of particular importance, is the imagination in 1983, that there was no link between mental illness and violence which has now since been proved invalid (Monahan 199219). From October this year (2008), the Mental Health Act 2007 will be fully implemented in the procedures associated with the Mental Health Review Tribunals.2.2 The Mental Health Act 2007Amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act policy document in the Mental Health Act 2007, which are directly related to any aspect of process of the Mental Health Review Tribunal and outlined topline below (Office of Public firmament Information, 200720)Removal of categories of mental disorder the key definition of mental disorder is amended from that which is outlined in Section 1 (2) of the 1983 Act. For the definition of mental disorder and mentally mazed, substitute mental disorder intend any disorder or disability of the mind and mentally disordered shall be construed accordingly. In addition the following statements are omitted in the recent amended versionThose of severe mental impairment and severely m entally impairedThose of mental impairment and mentally impairedThat of psychopathic disorderAmendments to the section on the Mental Health Review Tribunal include specific issues related toPatients absent without leaveDuty of hospital managers to refer cases to the TribunalPower to reduce periods under Section 68Restriction orders in relation to restricted patientsConditionally discharged patients study to limitation directions2.3 The importance of making the right closeThere have been reported cases of mental health patients who commit suicide within a mere 12 months of contact with mental health services. For example, in a national clinical survey that was carried out in England and Wales, over 2,000 mentally impaired suicide victims had had previous contact with mental healthy services in the year before (Appleby et al, 199921). A review by mental health teams concluded that suicide could have been prevented in more than 20% of these cases. In conclusion, the researchers made logical recommendations for suicide prevention measures in mental health services, including strategies to improve compliance and sustain contact with the appropriate mental health services. In addition, there is also the additional threat to the absolved people of the public.The perceived threat of mentally disordered patients, who have been released from detention, to the public has been explored severally (Norris, 198422 Buchanan, 199823 Jamieson and Taylor, 200224). In fact, several years ago, in New Zealand, there was a controversial case of a mental health patient who committed murder six hours after being released from detention (Zinn, 200325). Interestingly, the said patient was found not guilty of the murder by reason of mental illness. Furthermore, the patient was awarded compensation of the value of 300,000 after he sued the health authority for failing to detain him as an involuntary patient under the Mental Health Act. As such, it is evident that there are some incent ives here for ensuring that the right intervention is applied to the right patient.3. Members of the Tribunal The relevant StakeholdersEssential pieces who must be present at each Tribunal hearing are (Mental Health Review Tribunals website) includeThe regional chairmenA sanctioned extremityA health check member, andA lay memberFor each geographic region, the Lord Chancellor makes appointments and decides who sits on the different panels. For the other members other than the well-grounded member (i.e. the checkup and lay members), the Secretary of State for Health, for cases in England, and the Secretary of State for Wales, for cases in Wales, are also consulted in the decision making process.Each member has a specific and individual role in the co-ordination of the Tribunal hearing. In addition to the essential Tribunal members outlined above, there are other stakeholders involved in the long-term process of the review process. These could be private non-governmental organis ations, such as the National Association for Mental Health (MIND). Whether these members are salaried or not is usually discretionary, but the norm is that there is no salary payable, but that members receive an attendance fee and travel and subsistence allowance. On the contrary, the Tribunal lead is a salaried role.3.1 eccentric of the regional chairmanA regional chairman is prescribed for each of the two Tribunal regions in England the northbound Region and the South Region, which are conveniently based in Manchester and London, respectively. The roles of the regional chairman of the Tribunal are multi-factorial and include (Mental Health Review Tribunals website)The regional chairman appoints specific members to particular Tribunal hearingsThe regional chairman has the responsibility of ensuring that all the statutory requirements are complied with, making judicial decisions and giving unavoidable direction a timely and fair decision is reached in each and every caseThe regi onal member is also responsible for organising training for the members of the Tribunal to ensure that all members have the updated skills and knowledge that would be unavoidable to effectively conduct out their individual rolesIt is the role of the regional member to oversee the appraisal mentoring scheme of the members of the Tribunal, thus highlighting training needs (see point above) to continually improve the review processThe onus also falls upon the regional chairman to handle any complaints about the conduct of any members of the Tribunal, or to refer the case to higher authorities if warranted3.2 affair of the legal memberThe legal member, more often than not, presides over the Tribunal hearings. jural members of the Tribunal are usually elected or appointed on the basis of their specific expertise in the particular res publica of jurisdiction (Ferres, 200726). They are required to have such legal experience, as the Lord Chancellor considers suitable (Department for Con stitutional Affairs, DCA27). In addition, interpersonal skills and a good reasonableness of the health system are crucial as fundamental qualifications of the Tribunal legal member. The official website of the Mental Health Review Tribunal provides relevant specific cultivation on the requirements of becoming a legal member and outlines the roles of the legal members asThe legal member acts as President of the Tribunal. Revisiting the primary role of the MHRT, which is to review the legality of the applicant patients detention in hospital and to direct the discharge of those to whom the statutory discharge criteria apply and to safeguard the patients fundamental human being right to be free from unjustified hospital detention (Richardson and Machin, 199928), it is evident that this process is essential a legal one. It is thus only logical that the Tribunal be presided over by a member of the legal profession.In addition, the legal member of the Tribunal has the responsibility to ensure that the proceedings of the review process are carried out in a fair and balanced manner.The legal member is also responsible for ensuring that the legal requirements of the Mental Health Act are properly observedThe legal member of the Tribunal also has the role of advising and addressing any questions of law which may pinch before the hearing, during the hearing and during the deliberation discussions with the other members of the TribunalIn collaboration with the medical member and the lay member of the Tribunal, the legal member is also responsible for drafting the reasons for the reached decision, and for endorsing the record of the agreed decisionOne of the major that the legal members of the Tribunal face is the danger that the medical member could decree what must essentially be a legal process (Peay, 198929).3.3 Role of the medical memberAs stated above, a medical practitioner is one of the prerequisite members of the Tribunal and their role, though understandabl y invaluable, is fraught with opponent views from the multidisciplinary stakeholders in the field. In 2000, Gibson30 proposed that the role of the medical member was introduced in the 1959 Act to make the process of medical notes review less arduous without ruffling medical feathers. However, according to Prins (200031), the origin of the required disciplines to sit in Tribunal hearings is a great deal more complex than that, as there were conflicting views that arose during the parliamentary debates take up to the 1959 Act, as to who was best suited to make that all-important decision regarding the patients release or continued detention. It is worthy of note, here, that in those early legislative days, the commonplace law was one which involved a purely judicial decision, which probably explains the disinclination to acknowledge the need for a medical aspect in the decision making process.The medical member could be the patients treating psychiatrist, a nurse or any other member of the mental health team. According to the Mental Health Review Tribunal website (Mental Health Review Tribunal), the medical member is customarily a advisor psychiatrist with several years of extensive experience who is able to aim other members of the Tribunal on any relevant medical matters that should be taken into consideration in the patients review.There is evidence that the dual role that is expected of medical practitioners on the Tribunal is a potential barrier to having the fairly balanced and effective hearing that is the main objective of the review or appeal process. As with the legal member and all other members of the Tribunal board, interpersonal skills and a good understanding of the relevant health system are important for all Tribunal members (Ferres, 2007). In addition to this fundamental criterion, Ferres (2007) emphasises the dilemma that is brought upon the medical member as a direct consequence of his/her role as a medical practitioner and a sitting as pa rt of the Tribunal.According to the official website of the Mental Health Review Tribunal (Mental Health Review Tribunal), the prefatory roles of the medical member of the Tribunal can be categorised as outlined belowMedical role this member is required to carry out an interrogative sentence of the patient before the hearing and, in so doing, make any necessary interventions or simply make any necessary steps that could potentially aid the decision making process in forming an opinion of the patients mental health condition. This is clearly in accordance with Rule 11 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules (Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1983), which requires the medical member of the Tribunal to at any time before the hearingexamine the patient and take such other steps as he (or she) considers necessary to form an opinion of the patients mental condition. discriminatory role the medical member, together with the other members of the Tribunal, have a judicial responsibility to decide the patients fate, in terms of if the patient could still represent a danger to self or others and should thus remain in detention, or if the patient is suitably fit to be released into the public domain.Researchers in the past have shown that the duality of their roles on the Tribunal need not lead to knowledge bias, which could cause a flawed opinion (Langley 199032 Brockman B 199333). However, in drastic contradiction to this, some more recent opinions expressed by critical schools of thought believe that the dual nature of the expected medical members role is a possible barrier to open-mindedness (Gibson, 2000 Richardson and Machin, 200034). The, somewhat logical, fear is that doctors judicial opinions of patients eligibility for release would doubtless be swayed by findings from their preliminary observations and assessments. Apparently, for the review process to be carried out fairly, medical members of the Tribunal should strive to make their decisions based only on reports, evidence and witness and patient reports that presented to them during the Tribunal hearing. As such, any elaborate divulged by the patient prior to the Tribunal hearing should not be considered as evidence and must not be taken into account. equivalent to this notion, the Law Reform Committee, in 1967, recommended that a doctor should not be compelled to give evidence of issues that he may have had access to with the patient that have no bearing on the patients mental or physical health (Law Reform Committee, 196735).Putting it logically, general human nature may well be a barrier to such sentiments. Having conducted an examination of the applicant patient, and presumably consequently forming a clinical opinion, the medical member of the Tribunal is expected to morph into a decision making member to attend the review hearing. As the Council of Tribunals have very aptly described it, the medical member is effectively a witness and a member of the Tribunal, deciding th e validity of his own evidence (Council on Tribunals, 1983, divide 32236). The unanswered question, thus, is how can the medical member be expected to purloin his previous medical knowledge of the said patient from evidence that is presented in the Tribunal and remain objective in his opinions and, if this distinction is necessary, does the inherent get ahead of the preliminary assessment then become invalid? These questions also strengthen the idea of the protection of the doctors professional confidence unavoidably conflicting with the interest of justice (No authors listed, 196737).However, in his correspondence to the editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry, Gibson (2000) stresses the inherent advantages of the preliminary examination prior to the Tribunal hearing. The main benefits are outlined belowThe preliminary examination session gives the medical member a chance to review the applicant patients clinical notes which may contain crucial data and clinical findings th at are omitted from the reportsThe preliminary examination session also prepares the medical member to ask the most appropriate questions at the hearing, thus ensuring that the benefits of the review process is optimisedFurthermore, Gibson (2000) has suggested that, in order to ward off the potential prejudice that could accrue from the preliminary assessment and the associated disadvantage of the often time consuming nature, that the applicant patients notes should be made available to all of the Tribunal members in the half hour before the Tribunal hearing is scheduled to take place, thus dispensing with the need for the historical preliminary examination. The limitations of this proposal, as succinctly put forward by Prins (2000) are two foldAs we all know from our practical clinical experience, in some(prenominal) cases, medical notes are too voluminous and complex to do a proper review in half an hour. In some cases, it would take days to form an understanding of the contents of such files.Also, the feasibility of medical notes review by all members of the Tribunal is doubtful. Without a certain degree of medical expertise, it would be near impossible for the two non-medical members of the Tribunal to catch the contents of the applicants patients medical notes. This would then necessitate the additional step of medical interpretation for the benefit of these members, leading to longer sequence of the review process, and thus, increased costs and burden on the health system.3.4 Role of the lay memberAccording to the official Mental Health Review Tribunal website, the lay member of the Tribunal serves to provide some form of balance to the Tribunal as a representative of the community outside the dominating, and often clashing, legal and medical professions. Normally lay members would have a background or practical experience of working in the health and welfare field in the National Health Service, voluntary organisations or private health sector. The lay member may also be experienced in social services on administration (Lodge, 200538).4. new(prenominal) stakeholders involved in the Mental Health Review Tribunal4.1 Legal representation for the mental health patientIn addition to the legal member of the board, legal representation is usually advised for the patient. A legal representative can be useful to explain the law to the patient and help to protect his or her best interests (Mental Health Review Tribunal website). As a matter of circumstances, the mental health patients handicap or mental illness, coupled with the possible effects of having been charge and various antipsychotic medications, make self-advocacy invariably difficult (Gostin, 1980).These patients do, however, have the right to choose to represent themselves nevertheless, this option is not advisable. Furthermore, Larry Gostin of the National Association for Mental Health (MIND), in London, goes on to convincingly justify the need for legal representation fo r the mental health patient. Patients who attend the Tribunal without legal representation are frequently denied access to the full reasons for his confinement and subsequent decision, and medical and social reports pertaining to his or her case may be withheld from the patient as confidential (Gostin, 1980). When a legal representative is involved and present during the hearing, he or she is party to all relevant documents and can share the information with the client (in this case, the mental health patient). Another even more important advantage of having legal representation is the ability of such a legal professional to examine provision in the community for housing, care and support.Thus as highlighted above, the benefit of legal representation for the mental health patient in the Tribunal cannot be overemphasised. This calls to question the ethics of the preliminary examination session, during which the vulnerable mental health patient is examined by the medical member of the Tribunal towards forming an opinion of his or her ment